Oxidation of graphite by different modified Hummers methods

Roksana Muzyka; Monika Kwoka; Lukasz Smedowski; Noel Díez; Grazyna Gryglewicz

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60102-1

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Roksana Muzyka, Monika Kwoka, Lukasz Smedowski, Noel Díez, Grazyna Gryglewicz. Oxidation of graphite by different modified Hummers methods. New Carbon Mater., 2017, 32(1): 15-20. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60102-1

Citation:

Roksana Muzyka, Monika Kwoka, Lukasz Smedowski, Noel Díez, Grazyna Gryglewicz. Oxidation of graphite by different modified Hummers methods. New Carbon Mater., 2017, 32(1): 15-20. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60102-1

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Oxidation of graphite by different modified Hummers methods

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60102-1

1.
Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 41-803 Zabrze, Poland;
2.
Institute of Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice 44-100, Poland;
3.
Department of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw 50-344, Poland

Received Date: 2016-10-09
Accepted Date: 2017-02-25
Rev Recd Date: 2017-01-08
Publish Date: 2017-02-28

Abstract

Abstract

Graphite oxides with different oxygen contents and specifications were prepared from a commercial graphite by different versions of the Hummers method and by oxidation with sodium dichromate. The chemical and structural characteristics of the graphite oxides were studied by elemental analysis(EA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Dichromate oxidation provided a low oxygen fixation, mainly in the form of hydroxyl and epoxy groups. A much more efficient oxidation was achieved by using the Hummers method. The use of NaNO₃ and a reaction time of 2 h led to the highest oxygen content in the graphite oxide, over 40 wt%, and oxygen was found to be single- and double-bonded to carbon. SEM and XRD observations showed a high spacing of the graphitic layers under these conditions. These results prove that, even using the same oxidizing method, the chemical structure of graphite oxides can be tailored by changing reaction conditions.
- Graphite,
- Modified Hummers methods,
- Graphite oxide,
- Structure

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References(21)

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