A review of porous carbons produced by template methods for supercapacitor applications
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摘要: 多孔炭材料具有优良的电导率、高的比表面积以及优异的电化学稳定性，被广泛用于能量存储和转换领域。模板法被认为是制备具有良好孔结构和孔径分布炭材料最成熟的方法之一。本文归纳总结了模板法，包括硬模板（镁基、硅基、锌基、钙基）、软模板（常规软模板、离子液体、低共熔溶剂）、自模板（生物质、金属有机框架）制备超级电容器用分级多孔炭的造孔机制和构效关系；指出了模板法在炭材料孔结构调控方面存在的问题，并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Porous carbons are widely used in the energy storage and conversion field because of their excellent electrical conductivity, high specific surface area and superb electrochemical stability. The template method is one of the most advanced approaches to prepare porous carbons with well-defined pore structures and suitable pore size distributions. The pore formation mechanism and structure-property relationships of porous carbons obtained by template methods for supercapacitor electrodes are summarized. They include hard templates (magnesium-based, silica-based, zinc-based, calcium-based templates), soft templates (conventional soft template, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent) and self-templates (biomass, MOFs). Furthermore, the problems in tailoring the pore texture of porous carbons are clarified, and proposals are made for future research.
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Key words:
- Template method /
- Porous carbon /
- Supercapacitor /
- Research advance
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Figure 1. (a) The preparation schematic illustration and CV curves at various scan rates of 3D pillared-PCNSs (Reproduced with permission[14]. Copyright 2012, Wiley-VCH) and (b) the schematic diagram of direct fabrication process of CGNSs, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distributions of CGNSs (Reproduced with permission[17]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier).
Figure 2. (a) The preparation schematic diagram and CV curves of various scan rates of 3D flower-like hierarchical porous carbon material (Reproduced with permission[31]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier) and (b) the preparation schematic diagram and cycle stability of 3D interconnected graphene nanocapsules (Reproduced with permission[32]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier).
Figure 3. The preparation schematic diagram, HRTEM and Ragone plots of crumpled carbon nanonets. (Reproduced with permission[36]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier).
Figure 4. (a) The schematic illustration of the preparation of KNOSC. (Reproduced with permission[41]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH). (b) The schematic illustration for the synthesis process and specific capacitances versus current densities of three-dimensional interconnected sheet-like porous carbon. (Reproduced with permission[44]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier). (c) The plausible mechanism for the formation of HCNS by condensation and carbonization of DES and TEM, cycling stability/coulombic efficiency at 5 A g−1, Ragone plots of the HCN-based supercapacitor employing an EMIMBF4 electrolyte. (Reproduced with permission[47]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of hollow particle-based N-doped carbon nanofibers (Reproduced with permission[48]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry), (b) schematic illustration of synthesis of 2D hierarchical NPSs derived from K-MOF under various carbonization conditions (Reproduced with permission[49]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH) and (c) schematic illustration of sustainable synthesis and assembly of B/N-CSs (Reproduced with permission[51]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH).
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