Structure and Electrochemical properties of coconut shell-based hard carbon as anode materials for potassium ion batteries
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Abstract: Biomorphic hard carbon recently attracted widely interest as anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) owing to their high reversible capacity, but high preparation cost and poor cycle stability significantly hinder its practical application. In this study, coconut shell-derived hard carbon (CSHC) was prepared from waste biomass coconut shell using a one-step carbonization method, which was further used as anode materials for potassium ion batteries. The effects of carbonization temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the CSHC materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and cyclic voltammetry, etc. The results suggested that the coconut shell hard carbon carbonized at 1 000 °C (CSHC-10) possessed suitable graphite microcrystallines size, pore structure and surface defect content, which exhibited the best electrochemical performance. Specifically, CSHC-10 presented a high reversible specific capacity of 254 mAh·g−1 at 30 mA·g−1 with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 75.0%, and the capacity retention was 87.5% after 100 cycles and 75.9% after 400 cycles at 100 mA·g−1. The CSHC with high capacity and good cycling stability demonstrates to be an excellent potassium storage material.
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Table 1. The structural parameters and XPS element analysis of the CSHC materials prepared from different carbonization temperatures
Samples SBET m2·g−1 Vpore cm3·g−1 d002 nm Lc nm La nm ID/IG XPS analysis /% C O N C―C C―OH C=O CSHC-8 217.5 0.149 0.389 1.04 5.89 3.26 88.79 10.24 0.97 59.12 29.83 11.04 CSHC-10 78.5 0.061 0.386 1.15 6.52 2.95 89.52 9.54 0.94 59.63 29.71 10.65 CSHC-12 9.3 0.011 0.377 1.24 7.40 2.60 91.19 7.85 0.95 61.33 27.05 11.62 Table 2. The fitting values of the resistance components in the equivalent circuit.
Smples RS/Ω RF/Ω Rct/Ω CSHC-8 1.3 186.4 95.9 CSHC-10 5.2 56.2 535.5 CSHC-12 4.6 11.7 772.9 -
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