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Carbon-based metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts: past, present and future

AN Fu BAO Xiao-qing DENG Xiao-yang MA Zi-zai WANG Xiao-guang

安复, 包晓清, 邓晓阳, 马自在, 王孝广. 碳基非金属氧还原电催化剂:过去、现在和未来. 新型炭材料(中英文), 2022, 37(2): 338-357. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60590-0
引用本文: 安复, 包晓清, 邓晓阳, 马自在, 王孝广. 碳基非金属氧还原电催化剂:过去、现在和未来. 新型炭材料(中英文), 2022, 37(2): 338-357. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60590-0
AN Fu, BAO Xiao-qing, DENG Xiao-yang, MA Zi-zai, WANG Xiao-guang. Carbon-based metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts: past, present and future. New Carbon Mater., 2022, 37(2): 338-357. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60590-0
Citation: AN Fu, BAO Xiao-qing, DENG Xiao-yang, MA Zi-zai, WANG Xiao-guang. Carbon-based metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts: past, present and future. New Carbon Mater., 2022, 37(2): 338-357. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60590-0

碳基非金属氧还原电催化剂:过去、现在和未来

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60590-0
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(21878201,22008165)
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    王孝广,教授. E-mail:wangxiaoguang@tyut.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TQ127.1+1

Carbon-based metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts: past, present and future

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (21878201 and 22008165)
More Information
  • 摘要: 近年来,非金属碳基材料在替代高成本Pt基氧还原电催化剂方面表现出巨大研究价值与应用潜力,学者们主要致力于各种非金属纳米炭材料的制备和氧还原性能测试及其实际应用。非金属杂原子掺杂和边缘缺陷设计是典型的纳米炭改性方法,可显著降低ORR在碱性和酸性电解液中的过电位。为了使纳米炭在燃料电池等实际装置中表现出良好的催化活性,还需进一步提升纳米炭的ORR本征活性。纳米炭成分、结构调控与炭催化活性之间的关联也仍需探索。其根本策略是明确纳米炭的ORR反应机理,从而针对活性制约因素提出科学具体的结构改性策略。因此,本文针对非金属碳基催化剂在氧还原催化领域近年来的发展进行总结和展望,以期为未来氧还原催化剂的设计、合成及应用提供相关借鉴。
  • FIG. 1399.  FIG. 1399.

    FIG. 1399.. 

    Figure  1.  Schematic diagram of the working principle of fuel cells.

    Figure  2.  Notable metal-free carbon-based materials for electrocatalysis.

    Figure  3.  A brief chronology of the development of C-MFECs. N-doped carbon nanotube (CNT) (2009)[7], N-doped graphene (2010)[12], B-doped CNT (2011)[13], B/N-codoped CNT (2011)[14], S-edge doped graphene (electron spin effect)[15], edge graphite[16], ORR-oxygen evolution reaction (OER) bifunction/Zn-air battery[17], defect induced ORR in C-cage[18], ORR-hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) bifunction (N/P-carbon)[19], ORR-OER-HER trifunction (N/S-codoped carbon)[20], zigzag edge[21], N-doped carbon in all pH[22], edge pentagon-C as ORR active site[23] and N/S co-doped graphenes with the pentagonal carbon(C5) defect[24].

    Figure  4.  (a) Two kinds of selective modification on the N-doped graphene catalyst. (b) ORR free energy distribution on different configurations. (c) Energy variation when O2 approaches different active sites[45] (Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society).

    Figure  5.  (a) O2 adsorption on B-CNT[13](Copyright 2011, John Wiley and Sons). (b) The process of POMC preparation. (c, d) FESEM and TEM images of POMC-3[33] (Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society). (e) Schematic illustration of S-graphene preparation. (f) TEM images of S-graphene-1050[34] (Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society). (g) Cyclic voltammetry curves of BP-F catalysts with or without O2 in 0.1 mol·L−1 KOH. (h) LSV curves of different BP-F catalysts and commercial 20% Pt/C in O2-saturated 0.1 mol·L−1 KOH[35] (Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society). (i) Schematic illustration of the synthesis route for 2D-PPCN. (j, k) SEM and TEM images of 2D-PPCN[52] (Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society).

    Figure  6.  (a) Bonded N and B co-doped CNT(5,5) and (b) O2 adsorption configuration[27](copyright 2013, American Chemical Society). (c) Schematic illustration of the preparation process for B,N-carbon[53](Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons). (d) Schematic illustration of N, F-co-doped porous carbon as ORR electrocatalyst. (e, f) SEM and TEM images of N,F-Carbon-1000[55](Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society).

    Figure  7.  (a) Synthesis illustration of the SHG. (b, c) SEM and TEM images of SHG[20](Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons). (d) Schematic illustration of the preparation process for GO-PANi-FP tri-functional electrocatalyst. (e, f) SEM and TEM images of GO-PANi31-FP[61](copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons).

    Figure  8.  (a) Schematic structural models of the carbon nanocages (I represents the corner. II represents the broken fringe, and III represents the hole. I, II, and III represent three defective locations). (b) HRTEM image of CNC700. (c) Schematic free energy profiles for ORR activities of different defects[18] (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.5b01835 Further permissions related to the material excerpted should be directed to the ACS). (d) The schematic illustration of the formation of DG. (e) TEM image of DG. (f) Free energy profiles for the ORR pathway on defective graphene in alkaline/acidic media[68](Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons).

    Figure  9.  (a) Calculated free energy profiles of the acidic ORR pathways on different configurations and (b) dual heteroatom-tuned C5 defect configurations. (c) TEM image of the DG-NS[24](copyright 2020, Elsevier).

    Figure  10.  (a) Synthesis illustration for CF preparation. (b) Typical SEM image and (c) spin density of the active site in the N-doped sp3/sp2 hybrid[73](Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons).

    Figure  11.  Polarization and power density curves of the catalysts with different cathode loadings of (a) 0.25 mg cm−2 and (b) 0.50 mg cm−2 in a PEMFC. (c) Durability of the indicated catalysts in PEMFC[21](Copyright 2018, Springer Nature). (d) The potentials and power densities of ADMFCs with BP-18F and Pt/C (60%) as cathodes[35](Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society). (e) N2 sorption isotherms and pore size distribution for FU. (f) Beginning-of-life H2/O2 AEMFC performance curves with GU and FU as cathode catalysts[81] (Copyright 2017, Elsevier).

    Table  1.   Various heteroatom doped carbon materials for ORR.

    MaterialSynthesis methodChemical content and propertyElectrolyteOnset potential [V vs RHE] and nDurabilityRef.
    Mono-
    doping
    carbon
    N-monodoping
    carbon
    N-doped CNTsPyrolysis of iron(II) phthalocyanine + NH3 vaporN:C atomic ratio in the range of ~4% to 6%0.1 M KOH~100000 cycles[7]
    N-doped grapheneHeat treatment(950 °C) of graphene oxide in an NH3(10%) + Ar(90%) atmospherePyridinic N is about 47%0.5 M H2SO4[45]
    N-doped porous carbonsPyrolysis of D-gluconic acid sodium salt + polypyrrole coating + KOH activationGraphitic N species 49.1% SBET: 1026.6 m2 g−1, Vt: 1.046 cm3 g−10.1 M KOH & 0.5 M H2SO40.942 V, 4.03 &
    0.84 V, 3.93
    95.2% after 50000 s & 94.1% after 50000 s[48]
    N-doped porous carbon spheresPyrolysis of self-assembled urea formaldehyde(UF) resinPyridinic-N and graphitic-N, carbon defects0.1 M KOH & 0.1 M HClO40.99 V, 3.93 & 3.91After 5000 cycles[49]
    Other
    heteroatoms
    doped
    carbon
    B-doped carbon nanotubesCVD method with benzene, triphenylborane(TPB) and ferroceneTunable boron contentof 0–2.24%1 M NaOH−0.26 V(vs SCE), 2.5[13]
    S-doped grapheneAnnealing graphene oxide(GO) and benzyl disulfide(BDS)S content 1.3%, SBET: 435 m2 g−10.1 M KOH−0.08 V(vs Ag/AgCl), 3.8291.1% after 20000 s[34]
    F-doped mesoporous carbon blacksPyrolysis of carbon black(CB) and NH4FF content 0.65%0.1 M KOH−0.104 V(vs SCE), 3.96After 12000 cycles[35]
    P-doped ordered mesoporous carbonsMesoporous silica template with triphenylphosphine and phenolSBET: 1182 m2 g−1, Vt: 1.87 cm3 g−10.1 M KOH−0.11 V(vs Ag/AgCl), 3.91After 4000 cycles[33]
    P-doped carbon nanosheetsMultiple templating processSBET: 1555.8 m2 g−1, Vtotal: 1.383 cm3 g−10.1M KOH0.92 V, ~3.6Over 1000 charge−discharge cycles[52]
    Synergistic
    co-doped
    carbon
    Binary
    heteroatom-
    doped
    carbon
    B and N co-doped CNTsCVD growth or post-treatmentB(1.93%) and N(2.19%) contents1 M NaOH2.5[27]
    N, F co-doped porous carbonPolyaniline and polytetrafluoroethylene polymerization + pyrolysisSBET: 838 m2 g−1, F(0.22%) and N(1.74%) contents0.1M KOH0.97 VAfter 10000 cycles;91%
    after 18000 s
    [55]
    N and P co-doped mesoporous nanocarbonPyrolysis of polyaniline aerogel and phytic acidSBET: 1,663 m2 g−1, Vt: 1.42 cm3 g−10.1M KOH0.94 V,~4.0No change on the current after
    10000 s
    [17]
    N, P-co-doped carbon foamThermal blowing and carbonizing the glucose in the presence of urea and phytic acid(self-sacrificing template)Content of N(5%) and P(2.33%), SBET: 1026 m2 g−10.1 M KOH0.94 V, n value is close to 4.3.6% voltage loss was observed for ~140 h[56]
    N, S co-doped graphitic sheetsShape fixing via salt recrystallizationN(2.1%) and S(0.8%), SBET: 576 m2 g−1, Vt: 1.40 cm3 g−10.1 M KOH1.01 V, between 3.81 and 3.9693% after 100 h[20]
    S and N co-doped carbon tubesHydrothermal route with MnOx nanorods as the reactive templateSBET: > 500 m2 g−1, N(2.75%) and S(0.18%)0.5 M H2SO40.851 V, 3.95–3.8589% after 100 h[58]
    Ternary
    heteroatom
    co-doped
    carbon
    N, P and F tri-doped graphenePyrolysis of polyaniline(PANi)-coated graphene oxide(GO-PANi) and AHFSBET: 512 m2 g−10.1 M KOH3.85[61]
    N, P and S tri-doped holey carbonOne-step pyrolysis of glucose(Glu), tri-thiocyanuric acid(TA) and phosphoric acid(PA)SBET: 1656.0 m2 g−1, Vt: 1.97 cm3 g−1; N, P and S 4.46%, 1.47%, and 1.64%0.1 M KOH & 0.1 M phosphate buffer & 0.1 M HClO40.948 V, 3.82-3.96 & 0.852 V, 3.82-3.76 & 0.815 V, 3.87-3.9596.7% after 10 h & 97.9% after 30000 s & 85.5% after 40000 s[62]
    Note: M—mol L−1
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-08-26
  • 修回日期:  2021-11-13
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-12-17
  • 刊出日期:  2022-03-30

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