Graphdiyne: Synthesis, modification and application of a two-dimensional carbonaceous material
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摘要: 石墨炔是一类由sp和sp2杂化碳原子共同组成的新型二维材料。高度共轭及碳环大小可调的分子结构赋予石墨炔特异的物理化学性能，也为其功能化改性及应用提供了便利。近十年来，关于石墨炔的理论及实验研究正在广泛开展，在多个领域取得了一系列重要进展。本文首先对石墨炔性质进行了简要介绍，总结了不同形貌石墨炔的主要合成方法，包括Glaser-Hay交叉偶联、化学气相沉积法、范德华外延生长法、爆炸法、界面限域合成法及双极电化学法等。然后，对金属、非金属原子掺杂、修饰改性及其对石墨炔性能影响的理论计算和实验研究进行了综述；并就石墨炔基材料在环境、能源、生物医学等主要领域的研究进展进行了阐述和总结。最后，探讨了石墨炔发展亟待解决的问题和面临挑战。该综述能够为开展石墨炔相关研究提供有价值的前沿信息和方法参考。Abstract: Graphdiyne is a new kind of two-dimensional carbonaceous material that is composed of sp and sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. The highly conjugated and adjustable carbocyclic molecular structure gives it special physicochemical properties, which also facilitate its functional modification and wide application. In the past ten years, there has been extensive theoretical and experimental research on graphdiyne, and a series of important advances has been made in many fields. The properties of graphdiyne are briefly introduced, and its main synthesis methods with different morphologies are summarized, including Glaser-Hay cross-coupling, chemical vapor deposition, van der Waals epitaxial growth, thermal explosion, interface- confined synthesis and a bipolar electrochemical method. Theoretical calculations and experimental studies on non-metal and metal atom doping and chemical group modification are summarized, and their corresponding effects on the graphdiyne properties are reviewed. Finally, urgent problems and challenges in the development of graphdiyne are discussed. This review provides fundamental information on graphdiyne and guidance for the design of its functionalized forms.
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Key words:
- Two-dimensional materials /
- Graphdiyne /
- Ion batteries /
- Electrocatalysis /
- Water splitting
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图 2 (a) Glaser-Hay交叉偶联法合成路线[23]；(b-e) 石墨炔的SEM图像[23]；(f) Glaser-Hay偶联化学反应机理；(g) Eglinton偶联化学反应机理[28]
Figure 2. (a) Synthesis route by Glaser-Hay cross coupling method [23]; (b-e) SEM images of graphdiyne[23]; Proposed mechanism for Glaser-Hay coupling reaction (f) and Eglinton coupling reaction (g)[28]. Reprinted with permission
图 3 (a) 石墨炔纳米壁的形成过程；(b)反应前后8、10 h的SEM图[38]；(c) Cu@GD NA/CF的制备示意图；(d-f) Cu(OH)2 NA/CF、Cu NA/CF、Cu@GDY NA/CF的SEM图像；(g-i) Cu(OH)2、Cu,、Cu@GDY纳米线的TEM图像；(j) Cu@GDY纳米线的HRTEM图像[39]；(k) GDYNR的合成策略；(l) GDYNR的SEM图像；(m-o) GDYNR的AFM图像[43]
Figure 3. (a) Formation process of graphdiyne nanowall; (b) SEM images before and 8 and 10 h after the reaction[38]; (c) Schematic diagram of preparation of Cu@GD NA/CF; (d-f) SEM images of Cu(OH)2 NA/CF, Cu NA/CF and Cu@GD NA/CF; (g-h) TEM images of Cu(OH)2, Cu, and Cu@GD nanowires; (j) HRTEM image of Cu@GD nanowires[39]; (k) Synthesis strategy of GDYNR; (l) SEM image of GDYNR; (m-o) AFM image of GDYNR[43]. Reprinted with permission
图 4 (a) 化学气相沉积法合成示意图[44]；(b) 液相范德华外延法合成示意图[45]；(c) 爆炸法合成示意图[46]；(d)界面微波诱导法合成示意图[47]；(e) 双极电化学法合成示意图[51]
Figure 4. Synthetic schematic diagram of (a) chemical vapor deposition method[44]; (b) liquid phase van der Waals epitaxy method[45]; (c) explosion method[46]; (d) interface microwave induction method[47]; (e) bipolar electrochemical method[51]. Reprinted with permission
图 5 （a）GDY理论计算[53]和（b）实际样品Raman光谱图[23]；（c）石墨和石墨烯的Raman光谱图[55]；（d）氧化石墨烯[54]和（e）GDY的XPS谱图[23]
Figure 5. (a) Calculate[53] and (b) experimental Raman spectrum of GDY[23]; (c)Experimental Raman spectra of graphite and graphene[55]; XPS C1s spectra of (d) graphene oxide[54] and (e) graphdiyne[23]. Reprinted with permission
图 7 (a) 单原子贵金属（Au、Pt、Ir、Pd、Rh、Ru）吸附位点[62]；(b) Ni、Cu在GDY上可能嵌入的三个位点；(c) 本征GDY和在C位点上嵌有Ni和Cu原子时的TDOS；(d) 掺杂金属原子s和d轨道相邻四个碳原子p轨道的LDOS投影[63]
Figure 7. (a) Adsorption sites of monatomic precious metals (Au, Pt, Ir, Pd, Rh, Ru)[62]; (b) Three possible sites of Ni and Cu in GDY; (c) Intrinsic GDY and TDOS with Ni and Cu atoms embedded at the c site; (d) LDOS projections of the p orbitals of four carbon atoms adjacent to the S and d orbitals of the doped metal atoms[63]. Reprinted with permission
图 8 (a) 不同负载量时TiO2/GDY的CO2还原光催化活性；(b) TiO2的(101)面和(c) GDY的静电势；(d) TiO2/GDY电荷密度差的侧视图；(e) CO2光还原中TiO2/GDY在紫外光照射下内部电场诱导电荷转移和分离示意图[77]
Figure 8. (a) Photocatalytic activity of TiO2/GDY for CO2 reduction with different loading capacity; (b) TiO2(101) surface and (c)GDY electrostatic potential; (d) Side view of TiO2/GDY charge density difference; (e) Schematic illustration of TiO2/GDY heterojunction: internal electric field-induced charge transfer and separation under UV–visible light irradiation for CO2 photoreduction[77]. Reprinted with permission
图 9 (a) GDY/GCE实现重金属离子检测的示意图；(b) GDY和rGO吸附Cd2+或Pb2+前后的XPS光谱；(c) Cd2+和Pb2+的电化学响应及(d)相应的线性关系；(e) GDY/GCE在5 μM干扰离子存在下的选择性；(f) GDY/GCE的重现性[85]
Figure 9. (a) Schematic diagram of detection of heavy metal ions by GDY/GCE; (b) XPS spectra before and after adsorption of Cd2+ or Pb2+ by GDY and rGO; (c) Electrochemical responses of Cd2+ and Pb2+ and (d) corresponding calibration curves; (e) Selectivity of GDY/GCE in the presence of 5 μM interfering ions; (f) Reproducibility of GDY/GCE[85]. Reprinted with permission
图 10 (a-d) 不同壳层厚度GDY-HNSs的SEM图像；(e) GDY-HNSs阳极的锂离子电池原理图；(f) GDY-HNSs电子传输、锂离子扩散和应力松弛的示意图[101]；(g) Na+-GDY的可能构型[104]
Figure 10. (a-d) SEM images of GDY-HNSS with different shell thickness;(e) Schematic diagram of lithium-ion battery with GDY-HNSS anode; (f) Schematic diagram of electron transport, lithium ion diffusion and stress relaxation in GDY-HNSs[101]; (g) Possible configurations of the Na+-GDY[104]. Reprinted with permission
图 11 (a) GD阳极缓冲层的PbS CQD太阳能电池示意图；(b)该电池的SEM截面图；(c) 模拟AM 1.5 G辐照的J-V特性曲线和(d) EQE光谱[111]；(e)ZnO和GDZO的能带结构；ZnO和GDZO的(f)总态密度和(g)部分态密度[112]
Figure 11. (a) Schematic diagram of PbS CQD solar cell with GD anode buffer layer; (b) SEM cross-section of the battery;(c) Simulated J-V characteristic curve and (d) EQE spectrum under irradiation[111]; (e) Band structure of ZnO and GDZO ;(f) Total state density and (g)partial state density of ZnO and GDZO[112]. Reprinted with permission
图 12 (a) TTIS制备示意图；(b) TTIS在激光照射下的近红外照片；(c) TTIS介导光热增强芬顿反应的肿瘤治疗示意图[126]
Figure 12. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of TTIS; (b) corresponding near-infrared photographs of TTIS under laser irradiation; (c) Schematic illustration of TTIS mediated tumor therapy via a photothermally enhanced Fenton reaction[126]. Reprinted with permission
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