Recent progress in increasing the electromagnetic wave absorption of carbon-based materials
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摘要: 高性能电磁波吸收材料的发展为解决军事和民用领域的电磁波辐射问题提供了一条有效的解决途径。理想的电磁波吸收材料应具有较强的吸收强度、较宽的有效吸收带宽、重量轻、厚度薄以及包括如耐氧化性、耐磨性、耐高温性以及高强度在内的其他优异性能。与其他吸波材料相比，碳基材料(包括炭材料和碳基复合材料)以其独特的结构和性质脱颖而出，已成为一类重要的吸波材料。本文综述了最近在优化碳基电磁波吸收材料性能方面的研究进展，其中涉及不同维度（0D、1D、2D和3D）的碳纳米结构和各种类型的含碳复合材料（二元介电-碳复合材料、二元磁性-碳复合材料和碳基多元异质复合材料）。首先基于电磁波吸收机制论述了影响碳基材料吸波性能的主要因素为导电率，介电常数和磁导率，之后详细介绍了碳基材料自改性及复合结构构筑等提高电磁波吸收性能的代表性工作并讨论了其内在机制，最后总结了现阶段碳基吸波材料的主要改性策略并展望了碳基吸波材料未来可能的研究方向。Abstract: High-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EWAMs) are expected to solve electromagnetic wave radiation problems in both the military and civil fields. The desired features of EWAMs include strong absorption over a broad bandwidth, low density, thinness, oxidation resistance, wear resistance, ability to withstand high-temperatures and high strength. Carbon-based materials, including nanostructures and composites, are attractive alternatives to EWAMs because of their unique structures and properties. We summarize recent achievements in carbon-based EWAMs, including different dimensional (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) carbon nanostructures and various types of carbon composites (dielectric/carbon, magnetic/carbon) and hybrids. The factors affecting the absorption of electromagnetic microwaves include electrical conductivity (σ), permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ) are discussed based on the electromagnetic microwave absorption mechanisms. Representative carbon-based EWAMs and the corresponding mechanisms of improving their electromagnetic microwave absorption are highlighted and analyzed. Strategies for the modification of carbon-based EWAMs are summarized and research trends are proposed.
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Figure 1. Metal back-panel model[25-27]: Assumed incident EW is perpendicular to the surface of EWAM, metal back-panel model consists of n layers of EWAMs and a perfect electric conductor (PEC).
${\varepsilon _{\rm{i}}}$ ,${\mu _{\rm{i}}}$ and di represent the relative permittivity, permeability and thickness of the i-th layer material respectively. EW can be totally reflected reaching the PEC
Figure 2. (a) Illustration for the mechanism of porous structure formation (Reproduced with permission[66]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier). (b) The schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (c) reflection loss (RL)-frequency curves and the normalized wave impedance of HPCNs-3 (Reproduced with permission[67]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier). (d) Schematic diagram of microwave loss mechanisms of HCPs with morphology heterogeneity (Reproduced with permission[69]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society)
Figure 3. (a) Proposed reaction mechanism for rGO reduced by VC, vacancy defects are marked in red color, (b) proposed mechanism of defect-related polarization relaxation and hopping conductivity of electrons, (c) EWA performances of rGO-90 with different loadings of 10 wt%, 20 wt% and 30 wt% (Reproduced with permission[74]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier)
Figure 4. (a) different models of CMF with different sizes, (b1) the extracted effective permittivity real parts of CMF with different sizes, (b2) the extracted effective permittivity imaginary parts of CMF with different sizes, (b3) the τ and σ of all cell sizes, (b4) the
$\vartriangle \varepsilon $ and EAB of all cell sizes, (c) the relationship between RL and relaxation intensity$\vartriangle \varepsilon$ (Reproduced with permission[81]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier)
Figure 5. (a) The probable EMW absorption mechanism of 3D MWCNT@SiO2 (Reproduced with permission[83] . Copyright 2020 Elsevier). (b) Schematic of the fabrication of ERG by CVD using CH3OH as gaseous source, (c) TEM images of freestanding nanoplanes, (d) the electromagnetic parameters of ERG/Si3N4 with different graphene nanosheets layers (Reproduced with permission[84]. Copyright 2018 Wiley). (e) and (f) the morphology of MoS2/EG-700, (g) and (h) the reflection loss map and curve of MoS2/EG-700, (i) the impedance matching characteristics (|Zin/Z0|) of MoS2/EG-700, (j) the attenuation constants of the MoS2/EG hybrids annealed at different temperatures (Reproduced with permission[85] . Copyright 2020 Elsevier)
Figure 6. (a) the as-prepared flexible 3D carbon foams (CF) embedded with CuNi alloy nanoparticles (CuNi11) (Reproduced with permission[89]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier). (b) Schematic illustration of the microwave absorption mechanism for porous carbon@ ZnFe2O4 composite (Reproduced with permission[92]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier)
Figure 7. The electromagnetic characteristics of TMCs. (a) Frequency dependences of dielectric loss tangent (tan δε), (b) Cole-Cole semicircles, (c) magnetic loss tangent (tan δμ), (d) C0-f curves, (e) reflection loss (RL) values and (f) impedance match (Zin/Z0) of TMCs (TM=Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta) (Reproduced with permission[95]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier)
Figure 8. (a) The electromagnetic wave attenuation mechanisms of Co/ZnO/C@MWCNTs (CZC@M) composites (Reproduced with permission[99]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier). (b) The preparation process for preparing CCr with different thickness of carbon shell (Reproduced with permission[100] Copyright 2021 Elsevier). (c) The preparation process and (d) electromagnetic wave attenuation mechanisms of Fe0.54Mo0.73/Mo2C@C (FMC) composites (Reproduced with permission[103], Copyright 2022 Elsevier)
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