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摘要: 多孔炭材料具有质量轻、比表面积大、导电性好和稳定性高的优点，在电化学储能领域得到了广泛的应用。近几十年来，多孔炭材料的结构构筑和功能化设计取得了较大的进步。本文以多孔炭在不同储能器件中的应用发展为导向，结合多孔炭结构设计和功能化发展，综述了其在锂离子电池、锂空气电池、锂硫电池、锂负极保护、钠离子电池、钾离子电池等电化学储能器件中的研究成果和进展，最后总结了多孔炭的结构控制和功能化的策略，并展望了多孔炭材料未来研究的方向和挑战。Abstract: Porous carbons are widely used in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their light weight, large specific surface area, high electronic conductivity and structural stability. Over the past decades, the construction and functionalization of porous carbons have seen great progress. This review summarizes progress in the use of porous carbons in different energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion, lithium-oxygen, lithium-sulfur, and lithium-metal batteries for anode protection, sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and metal ion capacitors. Methods for the synthesis and functionalization of porous carbons are discussed and the effects of their pore texture on the electrochemical performance of different energy storage systems are outlined. Strategies for their structural control are proposed, and the challenges and prospects for their use in energy storage devices are discussed.
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图 1 多孔炭材料的结构和功能化设计策略在储能器件中的应用
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of structural and functionalized design for porous carbons materials in various applications
图 2 （a）多孔炭球TEM透射电镜图[11]；（b）碳纳米笼的作用示意图和TEM透射电镜图[20]；（c）分层多孔碳纳米管的设计和制造示意图[22]；（d）二氧化钼/碳化钼纳米管的合成机理和TEM、HRTEM图[14]
Figure 2. (a) TEM images of porous carbon spheres[11]; Reprinted with permission by copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Schematic representations of electron transportation and Li ion diffusion in the carbonnanocages and TEM image of the carbonnanocages[20]; Reprinted with permission by Elsevier. (c) Schematic illustration of the preparation of hierarchically porous carbon nanotubes[22]; Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons. (d) The schematic illustration of the preparation of MoO2/Mo2C Heteronanotubes and TEM images[14]. Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons
图 3 蜂窝煤状大孔炭膜的（a）合成示意图和（b）SEM图[71] ；（c）Mo2C@C/Ni复合材料的生成过程机理和TEM图[59]
Figure 3. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of the free-standing hierarchically porous carbon membrane and (b) SEM image of the membrane (top inset, optical photo and bottom inset, TEM image) [71]; Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic process for the synthesis of Mo2C@C/Ni and SEM image [59] , Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons
图 4 （a）Fe/Fe3C原位催化生长多孔氮掺杂碳纳米管示意图和SEM图[82]；（b）有序微介孔核壳碳和硫/碳复合材料的制备原理图及核壳结构作用示意图[85]；（c）Fe基化合物/碳复合材料的SEM图，多硫化物在复合材料表面的转化过程示意图以及Li2S在不同成分表面的分解的能垒[92]
Figure 4. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of the free-standing Fe/Fe3C@N-CNT and SEM images[82]; Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons. (b) Schematic for preparation of highly ordered meso-microporous core-shell carbon and sulfur/carbon composite[85]; Reprinted with permission by American Chemical Society. (c) SEM images and the schematic illustrations of the conversion process of sulfur on the surfaces of FeCFeOC composite and the corresponding energy profiles of the composite[92]; Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons
图 5 (a) 木樨草素的分子结构和对Li-O2电池的充电机理示意图，（b）锂负极表面氧化石墨烯与木樨草素复合涂层的作用原理示意图 [68]
Figure 5. (a) Molecular structure of DPPH and the charging reaction mechanism of Li-O2 cells; (b) Schematic illustration of the action principle of the composite coating of graphene oxide and lignocaine on the surface of lithium negative electrode [68]. Reprinted with permission by Elsevier
图 6 （a）MoS2/MWCNT复合物的制备过程示意图、形貌表征与类神经元结构示意图[114]；（b）尿酸分子在钠离子电池中的作用原理示意图、SEM图和循环性能[115]
Figure 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation and the neuron-inspired nanostructureof MoS2/MWCNT [114]；Reprinted with permission by American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic illustration of UA, SEM of UA@CNT and cycling performance of the electrode [115]; Reprinted with permission by American Chemical Society
图 7 （a）三维结构周期性分层多孔石墨碳中孔壁的TEM照片，（b）三维分层多孔结构的示意图[129]；（c, d）P/O-PCS材料的扫描电镜与透射电镜照片[140]
Figure 7. (a) TEM image of the mesoporous walls, (b) schematic representation of the 3D hierarchical porous texture; [128] Reprinted with permission by Elsevier. (c, d) SEM and TEM images of P/O-PCS[140]; Reprinted with permission by John Wiley and Sons
图 8 多孔炭在（a）锂离子电池，（b）锂硫电池，（c）锂氧气电池，（d）锂负极保护，（e）钠/钾离子电池的电极材料，（f）离子电容器中体现的结构特性与电化学性能的对应关系
Figure 8. Structural properties and electrochemical performance of porous carbons as electrode materials in (a) LIBs, (b) LSBs, (c) Li-O2 battery, (d) Li-Maetal battery, d) NIBs, e) KIBs, and f) supercapacitors
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