Recent progress in the research and development of natural graphite for use in thermal management, battery electrodes and the nuclear industry
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摘要: 天然石墨具有高导热、高导电、耐高温、耐腐蚀和防辐射等诸多优点，已广泛应用于热管理、电池制造和核工业等众多领域。不过，矿物纯度即固定碳含量是影响天然石墨应用的一个重要因素，而要从高品位天然石墨矿物中分离出杂质难度较大。如何高效地提纯天然石墨矿物，以及提纯后的天然石墨有哪些材料化及高端应用，均为研究人员所关心的问题。因此，从天然石墨的类型和矿物资源储量出发，介绍了一些传统的石墨提纯工艺和获得高纯度石墨的新方法。重点综述了天然石墨特别是微晶石墨在热管理、电池制造和核工业等能源利用领域的最新研究进展。最后，对天然石墨的应用现状和未来趋势进行了总结和展望。Abstract: Natural graphite has many excellent properties such as high thermal and electrical conductivities, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and radiation tolerance. It is widely used in many fields such as thermal management, battery electrodes, and the nuclear industry. The carbon content is an important factor that limits the applications of natural graphite minerals, but the impurities are difficult to remove from high-grade graphite minerals. This review discusses the types of natural graphite and mineral resources, followed by a discussion of traditional graphite purification processes and new methods to obtain high-purity graphite. Recent research on the development of natural graphite for use in thermal management, battery electrodes and the nuclear industry are summarized and the future applications of natural graphite are discussed.
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Key words:
- Natural graphite /
- Purification /
- Materialization /
- Energy application
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Figure 1. Digital photographs and micro-morphology of 3 kinds of natural graphite (a, b) vein graphite, (Open acces, Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group[8]); (b, e) flake graphite, (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2019, IOP Publishing[18]); (c, f) microcrystalline graphite, (g) schematic diagram of the crystal structure and grain size (h) vein; (i) flake; (j) microcrystalline of graphite
Figure 2. (a) The preparation flow chart of flexible HOG/ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite material (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2022, Elsevier[38]); (b) The structural diagram of graphite silver polyimide flexible foil (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2020, Elsevier[39]); (c) The preparation flow chart of graphite nanosheet (GNP)/ polyurethane (PU) film (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2021, Elsevier[40])
Figure 3. Preparation flow chart of graphite film reinforced aluminum matrix composite layer by layer (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2018, Elsevier[41])
Figure 4. SEM image of graphite AlN heat dissipation substrate (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2017, WILEY[49])
Figure 5. SEM images (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2019, WILEY[42]) of (a) CCF-90-10-200, (b) CCF-50-50-200, (c) CCF-70-30-100 and (d) CCF-70-30-250
Figure 6. (a) SEM image of microcapsule phase change materials; (b) SEM image of cement-based composites doped with MPCM and GP (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2022, Elsevier[55])
Figure 9. Schematic of the preparation of composite PCMs (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2019, Elsevier[63])
Figure 10. Schematic of light-thermal conversion and storage mechanism of composites (Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2021, Elsevier[65])
Figure 12. Schematic illustration of nitrogen-doped expanded graphite oxide (NEGO) synthesis and Na-ion storage
Figure 13. Charging and discharging diagram of double ion battery with graphite as positive electrode
Figure 14. Flow diagram of (a) main processes in the manufacture of nuclear graphite with synthetic graphite and (b) natural graphite as main component
Figure 15. Several common graphite moderator components (Open access, Copyright 2016[95])
Table 1. Classifications and features of different natural graphites[10]
Graphite type Vein (lump) Flake Microcrystalline Morphology Interlocking
Aggregates of coarse graphite crystalsWell-developed crystal platelets of graphite Earthy to compact fine-grained graphite Ore grade 40%-90% 5%-50% 50%-90% Crystallinity Crystalline Crystalline Microcrystalline Grain size Up to 10 cm 1 μm-4 cm <1 μm 
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Table 2. Chemical composition and major mineral impurities of nature graphite
Graphite type Chemical composition Major mineral impurities Flake C, O, Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Fe Quartz, feldspar, biotite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, rutile, monticellite etc. Microcrystalline C, O, Si, Al, Mg, Fe, Ca Quartz, chlorite, serpentine, montmorillonite, calcite, illite, mica,
chchalcopyrite, pyrite, kaolin, limonite, petalite etc.Vein C, O, Fe, Ca, Mg, Si, Al Quartz, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, marcasite,
chlochlorite, calcite, siderite, dolomite, copper etc.[8, 19]
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Table 3. World production of nature graphite by country or locality (unit is ton)[20]
Country or locality Graphite category 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 China flake 350000 416000 392000 762000 820000 amorphous 275000 277000 308000 Brazil flake 90000 95000 96000 63600 68000 Canada flake 40000 40000 11000 8000 8600 India flake 31500 31500 31500 6000 6500 amorphous 3500 3500 3500 Mozambique flake 1042 104000 107000 28000 30000 Russia flake 13200 13200 13100 25000 27000 amorphous 12000 12000 12000 Madagascar flake 14529 46900 48000 20900 22000 Ukraine flake 20000 20000 20000 16000 17000 Norway flake 11000 16000 16000 12000 13000 Korea, North flake 4500 4920 4920 8100 8700 amorphous 1000 1080 1080 Vietnam flake 5000 5000 5000 5000 5400 Sri Lanka vein 3900 4000 4000 4000 4300 Mexico amorphous 9000 9000 9000 3300 3500 Turkey amorphous 2300 2000 2000 2500 2700 Australia amorphous 1000 1000 1000 500 500 World total 880000 1110000 1100000 96600 1000000
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Table 4. The thermal properties and applications of graphite or graphite-based composites reported in recent years
Materials Application Thermal conductivity (W·m−1·K−1) Ref. Graphite silver polyimide flexible foil Thermal interface materials 1600 [38] HOG/PDMS composites Selective thermal emitter 35.4 [39] GNP/ PU films Thermal interface materials 26.30 [40] Metal-based graphite composites Thermal management devices 743 [41] Graphite foam/PCMs Thermal energy storage systems 7.72 [42] Graphite/cement composites Geothermal reservoir exploitation 1.18 [43] EG/PCMs Thermal energy harvesting of electronics 4.4–35 [44] Graphene/PCMs Real-time and fast-charging solar-thermal energy conversion 8.87 [45]
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