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摘要: 锌离子电容器凭借锌资源储量丰富、理论容量高等特点,在获得安全可靠、性能优异的混合型电容器方面展现出极具竞争力的优势,已逐渐成为新能源储能领域的研究热点。碳基材料因其原料来源广泛、制备过程简单、表面易修饰等特点,常被用作锌离子电容器的正极材料。本文总结了碳基电极材料在柔性/非柔性锌离子电容器应用中的最新研究进展,阐述了碳基材料结构与表面性质对其性能的影响,同时对碳基材料正极的储能机理进行了讨论。最后,梳理了目前碳基正极材料的研究热点和未来发展方向。
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关键词:
- 碳基材料 /
- 正极材料 /
- 非柔性/柔性电极材料 /
- 锌离子电容器
Abstract: Zinc-ion capacitors are high-performance hybrid capacitors that have great advantages because of the abundance of zinc resources and their high theoretical capacitance. As a result they have become a hot research topic in the field of energy storage devices. Carbon-based materials are usually used as the cathode materials for these capacitors because of the wide range of available materials, and their easily tuned surface properties and simple fabrication. This review summarizes recent research progress on carbon cathode materials for flexible/non-flexible zinc ion capacitors, and gives a concise description of their novel structures and outstanding performance. It then discusses research on the energy storage mechanisms in the cathode materials and suggests directions for the development of carbon cathodes for zinc-ion capacitors. -
图 3 (A) ZIC在开放测试条件下的工作原理示意图;(B) 开放测试条件下ZIC在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线和(C)不同电流密度下的GCD曲线以及(D)在不同电流密度下的充放电时间;(E) 纽扣式电池测试条件下ZIC在不同电流密度下的GCD曲线;(F) 在开放和纽扣式电池测试条件下ZIC的容量比较[35]
Figure 3. (A) Schematic illustration of the ZIC in air atmosphere; (B) CV curves of the ZIC at different scan rates in air; (C) GCD curves at different current densities in air; (D) Charge and discharge times for the ZIC in air at different current densities; (E) GCD curves of the ZIC at different current densities in coin type; (F) Capacity comparison of the ZIC tested in air and coin type[35]. Reprinted with permission.
图 4 (A) 空心中孔炭球的制备过程示意图;(B,C) 间苯二酚-甲醛包覆的SiO2纳米球中间体;(D,E)碳包覆的SiO2中间体炭化后的低倍和高倍数SEM照片;(F,G) 炭纳米球的SEM图;(H) 炭纳米球的HAADF照片;(I) 具有多孔结构炭球的STEM放大照片;(J) C元素分布[41]
Figure 4. (A) Illustration of the fabrication processes of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres; Low- and high-magnification SEM images of (B, C) resorcinol-formaldehyde-coated SiO2 nanospheres intermediates; (D, E) Carbon-coated SiO2 intermediates after carbonizing the organic surface; (F, G) Carbon nanospheres; (H) HAADF image of as-synthesized carbon nanospheres; (I) A magnified STEM image of one single carbon sphere with a porous surface; (J) C-K edge elemental mapping[41]. Reprinted with permission.
图 5 (A) 柔性准固态微型ZHC的制造过程示意图;(B) 微型ZHC在不同扫描速率下的CV曲线;(C) 不同电流密度下的GCD曲线和(D)倍率曲线;(E) 太阳能电池的面电流密度为1 mA cm−2且弯曲情况下的ZHC串/并联的GCD曲线;(F)从0°到180°不同弯曲角度下且面电流密度为1 mA cm−2时的GCD曲线[58]
Figure 5. (A) Fabrication procedure for the flexible quasi-solid-state micro-ZHCs; (B) CV curves of the micro-ZHCs at different scan rates; (C) GCD curves at different current densities; (D) Areal capacity and rate capability; (E) GCD curves at 1 mA cm−2 of a single cell, and two cells connected in series or parallel. The inset shows two cells connected in series and good flexibility of the device; (F) GCD curves at 1 mA cm−2 of the micro ZHCs under different bending angles from 0° to 180°[58]. Reprinted with permission.
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