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2015, 30(6): .

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Designed porous carbon materials for efficient CO₂ adsorption and separation

ZHANG Xiang-qian, LI Wen-cui, LU An-hui

2015, 30(6): 481-501. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60203-7

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The emission of CO₂ from industry and power plants has become a worldwide problem with a strong link to global warming. The development of novel materials for efficient CO₂ capture and utilization is attracting worldwide attention as a hot topic in materials sciences. Among various CO₂ adsorbents, porous carbons have proven competitive by virtue of their high specific surface area, tunable pore and surface structures, moderate heat of adsorption, and less sensitivity to humidity than other CO₂-philic materials. In this review, we summarize the recent significant advances in porous carbon materials for CO₂ adsorption and separation. Strategies to increasethe CO₂ capture capability are highlighted. We also briefly discuss the future prospects of porous carbons for CO₂ capture.

Gas adsorption properties of carbon materials and their applications in air purification

LIN Shu-yuan, ZHANG Ru-jing, JIANG Xin, YANG Ting-ting, LAO Jun-chao, ZHU Hong-wei

2015, 30(6): 502-510.

Abstract(730)

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Carbon materials with stable physicochemical properties, high surface area and abundant active adsorption sites can be widely used in waste gas adsorption, water treatment, solvent recovery and other fields. The preparation methods, gas adsorption properties and usesof five carbon materials,activated carbons, activated carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and graphene,in air purification are summarized. Traditional carbon materials and their modified products and composites have excellent adsorption performance for waste gases. Nano-carbon materials have not only excellent potential applications, but also electrical properties that can be used to produce gas sensorsfor monitoringair pollution. The possible uses and prospects of novel carbon materials for air purification are discussed.

A review of graphene composite-based sensors for detection of heavy metals

YANG Zhi-yu, DAI Ning-ning, LU Rui-tao, HUANG Zheng-hong, KANG Fei-yu

2015, 30(6): 511-518.

Abstract(992)

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Graphene-based nanomaterials are attractive as high performance sensors owing to their unique properties, such as high specific surface area, high electron mobility, and exceptionally low electronic noise. Graphene/graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials are promising and are being developed for the rapid detection of environmental and health-threatening heavy-metal ions with a high sensitivity. Recent advances in the electrochemical detection of heavy-metal ions using graphene or GO are reviewed. Sensors based on graphene composites have high sensitivities and detection limits below 1 nM for Cd(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ) and Hg(Ⅱ), which are lower than the allowable concentrations of these ions in the human body as set by the World Heath Organization.

Uses of activated carbon fibers and advanced oxidation technologies in the remediation of water

ZHENG Jing-tang, ZHU Chao-sheng, JIANG Bo

2015, 30(6): 519-532.

Abstract(624)

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Advanced oxidation technologies and activated carbon fiber (ACF) adsorption are promising for the remediation of water contaminated with organic compounds that are not easily removed. This review provides a general overview of the research and development of advanced oxidation technologies, including photocatalytic oxidation with TiO₂-loaded ACFs, plasma oxidation, ozonation, Fenton oxidation and electrochemical oxidation. The target pollutants, treatment performance and degradation mechanisms for these technologies are detailed. ACFs play a key role in the enrichment of organic pollutants near TiO₂ active sites and a combination of ACF adsorption with TiO₂ photocatalytic oxidation creates a synergistic effect in water treatment.

SnO_x-CeO₂-MnOx-loaded spherical activated carbons for the selective catalytic reduction of NO

WANG Yan-li, HE Zhi-guo, ZHAN Liang, GE Meng

2015, 30(6): 533-538.

Abstract(555)

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A series of SnO_x-CeO₂-MnO_x-loaded spherical activated carbons (SACs) with different Sn/Mn molar ratios were preparedas catalysts for the selective reduction of NO and the influence of the SnO_x contenton their catalytic activities was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed NH₃ desorption. Results indicate that the addition of an appropriate amount of SnO_x to the CeO₂-MnO_x-loaded SACs significantly reduces NO reduction activity in the low temperature range 80-120 ℃. However, the NO conversion is higher than 95.8% in the temperature range 200-280 ℃ when the Sn/Mn ratio of the catalyst is 0.25. The SnO_x addition increasesthe acidity of the catalyst surface, especially the number of the medium-strong acid sites, which favors the adsorption anddehydrogenation of NH₃. An appropriate amount of SnO₂ increasesthe dispersion of CeO₂ on the support with out sacrificing the high dispersion of MnO_x. These factors jointly contribute to the increaseof NO reduction activity over the SnO_x-CeO₂-MnOx-loaded SACs at temperatures from 200 to 280 ℃.

Synthesis and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction activity of a coal-based graphene assembly

ZHANG Ya-ting, LI Ke-ke, LIU Guo-yang, ZHOU An-ning, WANG Lu, QIU Jie-shan

2015, 30(6): 539-544.

Abstract(756)

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A 3D graphene assembly was prepared by chemical reduction using coal-based graphene oxide as the raw material. The morphologies and structures of the samples were analyzed by SEM, TEM, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that the 3D graphene has a high catalytic activity for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction in a fixed bed reactor and the yield of the target product, methanol, is up to 65.91 mol/g of catalyst.

Preparation of N-doped graphene quantum dots and their photocatalytic degradation activity for methylene blue

LI Dong-hui, FAN Jie-xin, WANG Xiao-min

2015, 30(6): 545-549.

Abstract(841)

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Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, using citric acid and urea as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize their microstructure and photophysical properties. The cytotoxicity of the N-GQDs was tested using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide. The photocatalytic degradation activity for methylene blue (MB) was investigated under visible light. Results show that the N-GQDs have a narrow size distribution, a high fluorescence and a low cytotoxicity. Photocatalytic degradation rate of the N-GQDs for MB reaches 82.5% under visible light irradiation for 120 min.

Yellow-visual fluorescent carbon quantum dots from petroleum coke for the efficient detection of Cu²⁺ ions

WANG Yue, WU Wen-ting, WU Ming-bo, SUN Hong-di, XIE Hui, HU Chao, WU Xue-yan, QIU Jie-shan

2015, 30(6): 550-559. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60204-9

Abstract(735)

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Yellow-visual fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were prepared from petroleum coke by ultrasonic-assisted chemical oxidation andwere used as label-free probes for Cu²⁺ detection in water. The detection of Cu²⁺ by CQD probesis related to a quenching of fluorescence by a photo induced electron transfer mechanism. The quenched fluorescence of the CQDs by Cu²⁺ can be recovered by adding ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid.The yellow-visual fluorescent CQD probes have a linear detection range from 0.25 to 10 μM, a detection limit of 0.029 5 μM, a response time of 3 s, and a superior sensitivity and selectivity for Cu²⁺ detection compared to other fluorescent probes. The CQDs are easy to prepare, economical, reusable, fast to respond and can be used inon-line detection.

Liquid-phase methylene blue adsorption of a novel hierarchical porous carbon aerogel

CAI Li-feng, CHEN Lu-yi, WANG Chun-li, LIANG Ye-ru, FU Ruo-wen, WU Ding-cai

2015, 30(6): 560-565.

Abstract(611)

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A novel hierarchical porous carbon aerogel (HPCA) was fabricated and its nanostructure was investigated by SEM and N₂ adsorption. The methylene blue (MB) adsorption properties of the HPCA in water were studied. It is found that the HPCA has a hierarchical micro-, meso- and macropore structure. Its BET and micropore surface areas are 512 and 359 m²·g^-1, respectively. The MB adsorption capacity increases with adsorption time, speed of stirring, temperature and pH value, and the MB removal efficiency can reach 99.8% under optimized conditions. The adsorption kinetics can be well described by a pseudo-second-order equation and the adsorption is controlled by liquid film diffusion in the initial stages and intraparticle diffusion later.

Preparation of graphene/metal-organic composites and their adsorption performance for benzene and ethanol

LIU Guo-qiang, WAN Ming-xi, HUANG Zheng-hong, KANG Fei-yu

2015, 30(6): 566-571. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60205-0

Abstract(1000)

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Graphene/metal-organic composites were synthesized by a solvothermal method and characterized by nitrogen adsorption, SEM and IR and their adsorption properties for benzene and ethanol were investigated. It was found that the surface area and pore volume both have maximum values for a graphene oxide (GO) percentage of 5.25 wt%. The composites have high adsorption capacities for both benzene and ethanol, and the maximum uptakes reach 72 and 77 cm³/g, respectively. The adsorption capacities of volatile organic compounds are determined by both the pore structure and the surface properties. The maximum ethanol adsorption capacity for the composite with a GO percentage of 3.5 wt% is due to its abundant oxygen-containing functional groups.

Adsorption of sulfonamides by magnetic multiwall carbon nanotubes

CAO Hui, CHEN Xiao-zhen, ZHU Yan, LI Zu-guang

2015, 30(6): 572-578.

Abstract(450)

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Magnetic multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by soaking purified MWCNTs in a solution containing ammonium ferrous sulfate and ammonium ferric sulfatewith a pH of 11-12 at 50 ℃ for 30 min, and were used as an adsorbent for sulfonamides. Processing parameters affecting the adsorption efficiency were investigated, including the amount of adsorbent, pH value, adsorption time and the concentration of the sulfonamide solution. The removal of sulfonamides reached 85% when the ratio of the magnetic MWCNTs to the solution was 1 mg/mL, the pH value was 6 and the time of adsorption was 30 min. Adsorption kineticsfollowed apseudo-second order model and the Freundlich equation described the adsorption isotherm well. Desorption tests of the magnetic MWCNTs showed that the best elution was in ammonia-methanol (v/v, 5:95). The recovery of sulfonamides was more than 80% after ten desorption and adsorption cycles, indicating that the magnetic MWCNTs can be reused.

The use of ZnCl₂ activation to prepare low-cost porous carbons coated on glass fibers using mixtures of Novolac, polyethylene glycol and furfural as carbon precursors

WEI Xiao-qun, LI Qi-han, LI Hai-chao, LI Hui-jun, CHEN Shui-xia

2015, 30(6): 579-586. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60206-2

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Using ZnCl₂ as an activation agent,low-cost porous carbonswere prepared using mixtures of Novolac, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and furfural in alcohol as carbon precursorsthat were coated onto glass fiber mats. The morphology, microcrystalline structure, pore structure, surface chemistry, mechanical strength and adsorption properties of the porous carbons were characterized. Results show that the addition of furfural and PEG to the carbon precursors greatly improves pore development. The specific surface area of the porous carbons is as high as 2 023 m²/g when PEG and furfural are added, otherwise it is only 404 m²/g. It is found that the addition of PEG to the precursors can increase the solubility of ZnCl₂ in alcohol, and thus facilitate the activation of the carbon precursors. The formation of a crosslinked structure of furfural with Novolac is responsible for the improvement in the thermal stability of the precursors and the increase in the carbon yield, which favors the increase in the surface area and the reduction of the production cost. The porous carbons have similar adsorption performance and microcrystalline structure to conventional activated carbon fibers.

Surface-modified Si nanoparticles produced from 3- aminotriethoxysilane as an anode material for a high performance lithium-ion battery

LI Xiao, SONG Yan, TIAN Xiao-dong, WANG Kai, GUO Quan-gui, LIU Lang

2015, 30(6): 587-593.

Abstract(589)

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3-aminotriethoxysilane (3-APTS) was used to modify Si nanoparticles to improve the utilization rate of Si as an anode in a lithium ion battery. The structure, morphology and Si content were characterized by SEM, TEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the 3-APTS-modified Si has a yolk-shell structure. 3-APTS plays an important role in the dispersion of Si nanoparticles and no obvious Si agglomeration is observed after the modification. The modified Si has an excellent electrochemical performance. The reversible capacity is 913 mAh·g^-1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mAh·g^-1, the first coulombic efficiency is 62.9% and the retention capacity is 99.6% after 35 cycles. These values are better than for the unmodified Si whose initial reversible capacity is 652.9 mAh·g^-1 and 541 mAh·g^-1 after 50 cycles. Moreover, the reversible capacity of the modified Si has a capacity of 480 mAh·g^-1 at a high current density of 1 500 mAh·g^-1, indicating an excellent rate capability.

2015 Vol. 30, No. 6

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