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The preparation and use of γ-graphdiyne, a superb new photoelectrocatalyst

SUN Ting GAO Feng-yu TANG Xiao-long YI Hong-hong YU Qing-jun ZHAO Shun-zheng XIE Xi-zhou

孙婷, 高凤雨, 唐晓龙, 易红宏, 于庆君, 赵顺征, 解锡舟. 光电催化新星:γ-石墨双炔的制备和应用. 新型炭材料, 2021, 36(2): 304-321. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60021-5
引用本文: 孙婷, 高凤雨, 唐晓龙, 易红宏, 于庆君, 赵顺征, 解锡舟. 光电催化新星:γ-石墨双炔的制备和应用. 新型炭材料, 2021, 36(2): 304-321. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60021-5
SUN Ting, GAO Feng-yu, TANG Xiao-long, YI Hong-hong, YU Qing-jun, ZHAO Shun-zheng, XIE Xi-zhou. The preparation and use of γ-graphdiyne, a superb new photoelectrocatalyst. New Carbon Mater., 2021, 36(2): 304-321. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60021-5
Citation: SUN Ting, GAO Feng-yu, TANG Xiao-long, YI Hong-hong, YU Qing-jun, ZHAO Shun-zheng, XIE Xi-zhou. The preparation and use of γ-graphdiyne, a superb new photoelectrocatalyst. New Carbon Mater., 2021, 36(2): 304-321. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60021-5

光电催化新星:γ-石墨双炔的制备和应用

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60021-5
详细信息
  • 中图分类号: O643

The preparation and use of γ-graphdiyne, a superb new photoelectrocatalyst

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (51808037, 21806009); China Postdoctoral Fund (2018M631344, 2019T120049)
More Information
  • 摘要: γ-石墨双炔(γ-graphdiyne,简称GDY)是一种由sp和sp2杂化碳组成的高度共轭全碳材料,其独特的有序孔道、非均匀的电子结构和易于调谐的本征带隙,为制备高活性光电催化剂开辟了广阔的探索空间。本文总结了GDY的特性,合成策略和在光电催化领域中的应用,并给出了目前研究中存在的问题和未来技术发展的可能方向。
  • FIG. 569.  FIG. 569.

    FIG. 569.. 

    Figure  1.  Annual publications of GDY applied in photoelectrocatalysis (from web of science).

    Figure  2.  A ball-and-stick model of GDY.

    Figure  3.  (a) Experimental and theoretical UV-vis-NIR absorbance of GDY[22], (b) UV-vis spectra of GDY nanowalls and HEB[31] and (c) UV-vis-NIR absorbance spectrum and the Tauc plot corresponding to an optical band gap of 1.48 eV[32]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  4.  The notable features of GDY benefiting photoelectrocatalysis.

    Figure  5.  Classification of GDY preparation methods according to the phase states of catalysts and precursors.

    Figure  6.  Growth on Cu substrates[14]:(a) schematic diagram of coupling reaction on Cu substrates, (b) the optical image and (c) the SEM image of GDY, (d) the profile of the GDY film height by AFM, (e) Raman spectra of the GDY film on three positions and (f) nnarrow scan for element C by XPS. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  7.  (a) SEM images of the formation process of GDY nanowalls in time series (from left to right, respectively): bare Cu plate before reaction and 8 and 10 h after reaction[31]. (b) SEM images of GDY on Cu substrate from a cross-sectional view[31]. (c) AFM image of an exfoliated sample on Si/SiO2 substrate[31]. (d) Schematic presentation of the synthesis process of GDY through graphene template method[32]. (e) Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of GDY grown on graphene (red, GDY/G) and GDY[48]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  8.  Arbitrary substrate method. (a) schematic illustration of the experimental setup about synthesis of GDY nanowalls on arbitrary substrates via copper envelope catalysis[49], SEM morphology of (b) 1D Si nanowires, (c) 2D Au foil and (d) 3D graphene foam[49] and (e) schematic illustration of the fabrication of GDY on arbitrary substrates with the controlled-release method and the photos of the fabricating process on the glass and silica gel substrates[50]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  9.  Liquid/liquid interface assisted method[54]. (a) schematic illustration, (b) photograph of experiment, (c) AFM image of the as-prepared GDY film and (d) SAED pattern of the as-prepared GDY film. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  10.  Gas-liquid interface assisted synthesis[54]. (a) schematic diagram, (b) AFM image of the as-prepared GDY nanosheets and (c) diagonal and horizontal plots from the 2D grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D GIWAXS) pattern (Orange line, diagonal plots; blue line, horizontal plots). Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  11.  Chemical vapor deposition method[64]. (a) experimental setup of the CVD system for the growth of linked carbon monolayer on silver surface using HEB as a precursor, (b) AFM image of GDY film (thickness: 0.6 nm), (c) TEM image and corresponding SAED pattern of GDY film, (d) Raman spectra of the as-grown ten-layer GDY, (e) high-resolution asymmetric C 1s XPS spectrum of GDY. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  12.  Explosion approach[66]. (a) schematic illustration, SEM images of GDY powder with different morphologies, (b) GDY nanoribbons, (c) GDY nanochain and (d) 3D GDY framework, and (e) their Raman spectra. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  13.  The roles of GDY in photoelectrocatalysis.

    Figure  14.  (a) Schematic diagram of the photoelectrochemical cell consisting of the assembled CdSe QDs/GDY photocathode, and corresponding interfacial migration process of the photogenerated excitons[34], (b) LSV scanning from 0.3 to 0.4 V at 2 mV s-1 with light off (black trace) and on (red trace) for the CdSe QDs/GDY photocathode[34], (c) controlled potential electrolysis of the CdSe QDs/GDY photocathode during 12 h test[34], (d) schematic representation of the BiVO4/GDY composite used as a photoanode and its TEM image[49], (e) hole injection yield of BiVO4 and GDY/BiVO4 photoanodes[49] and (f) linear sweep voltammetry scanning for different photocathodes measured under dark and light[73]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  15.  (a) Schematic illustration for the possible mechanism of ORR for the NGDY catalyst[81], (b) top view of the optimized configuration for Fe atom adsorption on GDY (Atomic color code: pale blue that is for carbon in the C6 ring with sp2 hybridization, green for carbon in the acetylenic-like rods with sp hybridization and orange for Fe)[83], (c) indicative of single Fe atom anchored on a GDY surface[83], (d) CV responses of the Fe/GDY catalyst (upper panel) and the commercial Pt/C catalyst (lower panel) in N2- (blue line) and O2-saturated (red line) 0.1 mol L−1 KOH solution at ambient temperature[83] and (e) RDE measurements in O2-saturated 0.1 mol L KOH solution for the Fe/GDY catalyst (orange), and the commercial 20wt% Pt/C catalyst (violet)[83]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  16.  (a) Schematic illustration, Tafel plot at a sweep rate of 5 mV/s, and HER polarization curve of Cu@GDY/CF[84], (b) HER polarization curves of CoNC/GD and commercial Pt/C (10 wt%) before and after 36000 and 8000 CV scans, respectively, in 1 mol L−1 KOH and (c) before and after 9000 and 8000 CV scans, respectively, in 1 mol L−1 PBS (pH=7)[85], (d) per mass activities of Ni/GD, Fe/GD, and Pt/C (inset: mass activities obtained at overpotentials of 0.05 and 0.20 V)[86], (e) per mass activities of Pd(0)/GDY and Pt/C (inset: mass activity collected at overpotentials of 0.05 and 0.2 V)[87] and (f) corresponding Tafel slopes of several catalysts including Pd(0)/GDY[87]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  17.  (a) Schematic diagram of the 3D Cu@GDY/Co electrode[88], (b) LSV curves for the Cu foam, Cu@GDY, and Cu@GDY/Co electrodes in 0.1 mol L−1 KOH[88], (c) tafel plots of the corresponding electrodes[88], (d) a comparison of CoAl-LDH (CO32-) assembled hydrophobic and superhydrophilic GDY electrodes[89], (e) required overpotential to reach 10 mA·cm-2 of the different samples[89] and (f) Tafel plots of the different samples[89]. Reprinted with permission.

    Figure  18.  Polarization curves of for NiCo2S4 NW/GDF, NiCo2S4 NW/CC, GDF, CC, and RuO2 for (a) OER with a scan rate of 5 mV·s−1 and (b) HER with a scan rate of 5 mV·s−1[90]. Polarization curves of samples in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH toward (c) OER and toward (d) HER[91]. Reprinted with permission.

    Table  1.   A brief summary for the calculated bond lengths of GDY (nm).

    AromaticSingleTripleNote
    0.14070.1395a, 0.1340b0.1263MD, AIREBD[15]
    0.14050.1396a, 0.1340b0.1240MD, AIREBO potential[17]
    0.14400.1400a, 0.1341b0.1239DFT, GGA-PBE[18]
    0.14310.1395a, 0.1337b0.1231VASP, GGA-PBE[19]
    a: C(sp2)-C(sp), b: C(sp)-C(sp).
    * The typical lengths for aromatic bond and single bond are about 0.140 and 0.154 nm.
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  2.   Intrinsic hole/electron mobilities (300 K) and bandgap of Si, monolayer GDY and GR.

    Hole mobility(μh)Electron mobility(μe)Bandgap(Eg)
    Silion0.0480.1351.124
    γ-Graphdiyne1.97a, 1.91b20.81a, 17.22b0.44−1.47[2129]
    Graphene32.17a, 35.12b33.89a, 32.02b0
    a: Zigzag direction, b: Armchair direction.
    μ: 104 cm2 V−1 s−1; Eg: eV
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2020-04-22
  • 修回日期:  2020-11-08
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-05-12
  • 刊出日期:  2021-04-01

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