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碳基集流体材料在钠金属负极中的应用

王艳 朱铭 刘昊轩 张远俊 吴宽 王官耀 吴超

王艳, 朱铭, 刘昊轩, 张远俊, 吴宽, 王官耀, 吴超. 碳基集流体材料在钠金属负极中的应用. 新型炭材料(中英文), 2022, 37(1): 93-108. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60581-X
引用本文: 王艳, 朱铭, 刘昊轩, 张远俊, 吴宽, 王官耀, 吴超. 碳基集流体材料在钠金属负极中的应用. 新型炭材料(中英文), 2022, 37(1): 93-108. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60581-X
WANG Yan, ZHU Ming, LIU Hao-xuan, ZHANAG Yuan-jun, WU Kuan, WANG Guan-yao, WU Chao. Carbon-based current collector materials for sodium metal anodes. New Carbon Mater., 2022, 37(1): 93-108. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60581-X
Citation: WANG Yan, ZHU Ming, LIU Hao-xuan, ZHANAG Yuan-jun, WU Kuan, WANG Guan-yao, WU Chao. Carbon-based current collector materials for sodium metal anodes. New Carbon Mater., 2022, 37(1): 93-108. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60581-X

碳基集流体材料在钠金属负极中的应用

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60581-X
基金项目: 中国博士后科学基金会,面上项目(2020M681260)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    王艳:王 艳,硕士研究生. E-mail:wy116@shu.edu.cn

    朱 铭,博士研究生. E-mail:mz604@uowmail.edu.au,王艳,朱铭为共同第一作者

    通讯作者:

    吴 宽,博士. E-mail:wkingzzz@shu.edu.cn

    吴 超,研究员. E-mail:chaowu@uow.edu.au

  • 中图分类号: TQ127.1+1

Carbon-based current collector materials for sodium metal anodes

Funds: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M681260).
More Information
  • 摘要: 室温钠离子二次电池是锂离子二次电池最有可能的替代品,也被认为是大规模能量存储技术的最有前景的选择之一。金属钠具有超高的理论容量以及低的氧化还原电位,因此被认为是最有前景的高比能钠离子电池的负极材料。然而,钠金属负极的应用仍面临一些挑战性,如钠枝晶的生长、钠金属与电解液之间的副反应、充放电过程中大的体积膨胀等。其中,钠枝晶生长不仅可以产生“死”钠和加速钠金属与电解液之间的副反应,导致容量的快速衰减,而且可能刺穿隔膜,引发电解液燃烧、电池爆炸等严重的安全问题。炭材料家族成员众多,可具有高机械强度、轻质量、高导电性、大比表面积和良好的化学稳定性等特性,近年来被广泛报道用于钠金属负极的集流体的研究。本文综述了最新的碳基集流体材料在钠金属负极上的研究进展,分析了碳基集流体的界面、结构与钠金属负极性能之间的关系,最后并对碳基集流体的未来研究面临的问题进行了展望。
  • FIG. 1218.  FIG. 1218.

    FIG. 1218..  FIG. 1218.

    图  1  钠金属电池示意图

    Figure  1.  Schematic illustration of sodium metal batteries.

    图  2  应用于钠金属负极上的碳基材料

    Figure  2.  Carbon-based materials for sodium metal anodes.

    图  3  (a) Na金属负极和Na/NSCNT负极上的金属Na沉积/剥离示意图[84]. (b) 在1 mA cm−2、1 mAh cm−2的循环条件下,钠金属在铜箔、铝箔、CNT纸和NSCNT纸上沉积/剥离的库伦效率[84]. (c) Na金属在铜箔衬底上的沉积行为[85]. (d) Na 金属在Of-CNT网络上沉积行为,其中金属Na不仅可以在Of-CNT骨架上生长,还可以填补网络中的空隙,形成无树突的形态. (e) 在1 mA cm−2和1 mAh cm−2下和 (f)在5 mA cm−2和10 mAh cm−2下的Na@Of-CNT、Na@p-CNT和Na@Cu基底上的钠沉积/剥离对应的库伦效率图[85]

    Figure  3.  (a) Schematic illustration of the metallic Na striping/plating on Na metal and Na/NSCNT anodes[84]. (b) Coulombic efficiencies (CE) of Na plating/stripping on Cu foil, Al foil, CNT paper, and NSCNT paper at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2[84]. Na stripping behavior on the (c) Cu foil and (d) Of-CNT networks[85]. Na can not only grow on the Of-CNT skeleton, but also fulfill the voids within the network, forming a dendrite-free morphology. The corresponding CE of the Na@Of-CNT, Na@p-CNT, and Na@Cu at (e) 1 mAh cm−2 and 1 mA cm−2 and (f) at 10 mAh cm−2 and 5 mA cm−2, respectively[85]. Reprinted with permission.

    图  4  (a) Li/Na金属箔的失效机制[88]. (b) 由同轴CF组成的三维Li/Na-CF骨架示意图. (c) 炭纤维上表面的Li/Na沉积/剥离行为. (d) 纯Na对称电池(橙色)和Na-CF对称电池(黑色)在0.5 mA cm−2和1 mAh cm−2条件下的电压分布图[88]. (e) 氮和氧共掺杂石墨化碳纤维电极和(f) 石墨化碳纤维电极上的Na成核和沉积过程的示意图[89]. (g) GCF电极和(h) DGCF电极在1 mA cm−2、8 mAh cm−2条件下的电压-容量曲线. 在(i) 1 mA cm−2和(j) 2 mA cm−2下GCF电极和DGCF电极上的Na沉积/剥离的库伦效率图[89]

    Figure  4.  (a) Failure mechanisms of bare Li/Na metal foil [88]. (b) Schematic of the designed 3D Li/Na–CF framework composed of coaxial CFs. (c) Li/Na stripping/plating behavior on the coated carbon fibers. (d) Voltage profiles of bare Na symmetric cells (orange) and Na–CF symmetric cells (black) at 0.5 mA cm−2 and1 mAh cm−2[88]. Schematic illustration of the Na nucleation and plating process on (e) a nitrogen and oxygen co-doped graphitized carbon-fiber electrode and (f) a graphitized carbon-fiber electrode [89]. Voltage-capacity curves of the (g) GCF electrode and (h) DGCF electrode at 1 mA cm−2 and 8 mAh cm−2. CE of Na plating/stripping on the GCF and DGCF electrodes at (i) 1 mA cm−2 and (j) 2 mA cm−2[89]. Reprinted with premission.

    图  5  (a) Na@r-GO复合材料制备示意图[93]. (b) Na//Na和Na@r-GO//Na@r-GO对称电池的循环性能图[93]. (c) NaF/SnO2@rGO的制备示意图[94].(d) 在1 mA cm−2和0.5 mAh cm−2时和(e) 在1 mA cm−2和4 mAh cm−2时rGO、SnO2@rGO和NaF/SnO2@rGO的库伦效率,(f) 在0.5 mA cm−2和1 mAh cm−2时,rGO、SnO2@rGO和NaF/SnO2@rGO对称电池Na沉积/剥离循环的电压分布图[94]. (g) Na@rGa复合负极的合成示意图[95],(h) 在5 mA cm−2和1mAh cm−2时Na@rGa复合负极与纯Na金属电极对称电池的电化学性能图[95]

    Figure  5.  (a) Schematic representation of the preparation of Na@r-GO composites[93]. (b) Cycling of symmetric Na/Na and Na@r-GO/Na@r-GO cells[93]. (c) Schematic diagram of the preparation of NaF/SnO2@rGO[94]. The corresponding CE of rGO, SnO2@rGO, and NaF/SnO2@rGO (d) at 1 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2 and (e) at1 mA cm−2 at 4 mAh cm−2. (f) Voltage profiles of Na plating/stripping in the symmetric cells at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2[94]. (g) Synthetic illustration of Na@rGa composite anode[95]. (h) Electrochemical performances of symmetric cells using Na@rGa composite anode and bare Na metal anode at 5 mA cm−2 and 1.0 mAh cm−2[95]. Reprinted with permission.

    图  6  (a) 石墨电极在不同的钠化阶段的示意图及顶部SEM照片[98]. (b) 在2 mA cm−2和2 mAh cm−2条件下,石墨、软碳、硬碳和裸铜电极上金属钠的沉积/剥离的库伦效率. (c) 在电流密度分别为1和5 mA cm−2时,石墨电极上金属钠沉积/剥离的库伦效率[98].(d) Ni粒子和NCG粒子的充电过程示意图[99]。(e) 在190 °C下,Na-NCG电池的能量密度和能量效率[99]

    Figure  6.  (a) Illustration and SEM top views of graphite electrodes at different sodiated stages[98]. (b) CE of Na deposition/stripping on graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon and bare Cu electrodes at 2 mA cm−2 and 2 mAh cm−2. (c) CE of Na deposition/stripping on graphite at 1 mA cm−2 and 5 mA cm−2[98]. (d) Schematic view of the charging process for nickel (Ni) particles and NCG particles[99]. (e) Energy densities and energy efficiency of Na-NCG cells at 190 °C[99]. Reprinted with permission.

    图  7  (a) Li和Na金属/碳毡复合材料的制备过程示意图[100]. (b) 在Cu电极和纳米富碳结构修饰电极上的锂沉积/剥离行为. (c) 在1 mA cm−2电流密度下 和 (d) 在3 mA cm−2电流密度下钠/碳复合材料(绿色)和裸钠电极(橙色)对称电池的循环稳定性[100]. (e) Na/C复合负极合成示意图[104],(f) Na/C复合电极(红色)和纯Na金属电极(蓝色)对称电池的循环稳定性对比图[104]

    Figure  7.  (a) Schematic showing the fabrication process of the Li and Na metal/carbon composites[100]. (b) Li plating/stripping behavior on a Cu electrode and a nanocrevasse-rich carbon structure-modified electrode. Comparison of the cycling stabilities of the Na/carbon composite (green) and bare Na electrode (orange) symmetrical cells at (c) 1 mA cm−2 and (d) 3 mA cm−2[100]. (e) Schematic of Na/C anode fabrication process[104]. (f) Comparison of the cycling stability of the Na/C composite (red) and bare Na electrode (blue) symmetrical cell[104]. Reprinted with permission.

    图  8  (a) Na-wood复合电极的合成示意图[105]. (b) 在1 mA cm−2条件下纯钠和Na-wood电极的对称电池电压-时间图[105]. (c)废弃椰壳制备3D O-CCF材料的示意图[106],(d) 5 mA cm−2和10 mAh cm−2 条件下和(e) 在5 mA cm−2和5 mAh cm−2条件下 3D O-CCF和纯铜电极的库伦效率[106]. (f) Na-HCN电极及Na-Cu电极在1 mA cm−2,1 mAh cm−2条件下的库伦效率[107],(g) Na-HCN电极在3 mA cm−2,3 mAh cm−2条件下的库伦效率[107]

    Figure  8.  (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of Na-carbonized wood (Na−wood) composite electrodes[104]. (b) Voltage-time diagram of symmetric cells using Na@rGa composite anode and bare Na metal anode at 5 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2[104]. (c) Fabrication schematic of 3D O-CCF matrix [106]. (d) The CE of 3D O-CCF and bare Cu d) at 5 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2 (e) at 5 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2[106]. (f) CE of Na-HCN electrode and Na-Cu electrode at 1 mA cm−2 for 1 mAh cm−2[107], (g) CE of Na-HCN electrode at 3 mA cm−2 for 3 mAh cm−2[107]. Reprinted with permission.

    图  9  (a) C@Sb NPs的合成以及C@Sb@Cu上的钠沉积/剥离行为示意图[73]. (b) 在1 mA cm−2和4 mAh cm−2 和 (c) 在2 mA cm−2和4 mAh cm−2条件下,纯铜和C@Sb@Cu层的钠沉积/剥离的库伦效率[73]. (d) CoNC和NC上的Na沉积示意图[110].(e) 在1 mA cm−2和1 mAh cm−2条件下CoNC和NC电极的库伦效率[110]

    Figure  9.  (a) Schematic illustration for the synthesis of C@Sb NPs and the sodium plating/stripping on C@Sb@Cu foil[73]. CE of sodium plating/stripping for the cells using bare Cu and C@Sb@Cu foils (b) at 1 mA cm−2 and 4 mAh cm−2and (c) at 2 mA cm−2 and 4 mAh cm−2 [73]. (d) Schematic illustration of Na deposition on CoNC and NC [110]. (e) CE of CoNC and NC at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2 [110]. Reprinted with permission.

    表  1  基于碳基集流体和其他集流体材料的钠金属对称电池性能总结

    Table  1.   Summary of properties of Na metal-symmetric batteries based on carbon-based collector and other collector materials.

    Material and
    structure design
    Current density
    (mA cm−2
    Capacity density
    (mAh cm−2
    Depth of
    discharge
    Cycle life
    (h)
    Electrolyte
    C@Ag[108]1350%37001 mol L−1 NaSO3CF3 in diglyme with 0.1 mol L−1 NaTFSI
    1233%4000
    Bi$ \subset $CNs[109]1350%14001 mol L−1 NaSO3CF3 in diglyme
    1233.33%2800
    PVDF@Cu[111]1125%12001 mol L−1 NaPF6 in diglyme
    2125%900
    Sn/C@Cu[112]1116.7%40801 mol L−1 NaSO3CF3 in diglyme
    3150%850
    C@Sb@Cu foil[73]1125%24001 mol L−1 NaSO3CF3 in diglyme
    1233.3%1200
    PNF@Cu[113]1250%21001 mol L−1 NaPF6 in diglyme
    2250%900
    PSN@Cu[114]1125%2300
    1250%2500
    PB@Cu[115]1125%2700
    1250%2500
    N- TiNb2O7@Cu[116]1350%24001 mol L−1 NaPF6 in diglyme
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-12-03
  • 修回日期:  2021-12-27
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-12-28
  • 刊出日期:  2022-02-01

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