Abstract:   The annual world conference on carbon, Carbon 2010, was held in Clemson, USA, July 11-16, 2010, and was hosted by the American Carbon Society, Clemson University, and Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films. About 410 attendees from 35 countries participated in the conference, and 510 papers were accepted for presentation, including 4 plenary lectures, 5 award lectures, 32 keynote lectures, 214 oral presentations, and 255 posters, involving 12 topics, namely, graphenes, nanotubes and fullerenes, precursor synthesis and characterization, conversion processes, microstructure and properties, molecular modeling, novel experimental measurements, electronics and sensors, fibers and composites, biology and medicine, environment and safety, energy storage and generation, and other novel uses. Graphenebased materials, molecular simulation of porous carbon, carbon science at the interface with biological systems, and neutron irradiation damage in graphite were the subjects of the plenary lectures. Studies on nanocarbons are quite active, in particular, in the field of carbon nanotubes and graphene, and rapid progress has been made in the electrochemical properties, energy conversion and energy storage applications of these carbon materials.