A review of the synthesis of carbon materials for energy storage from biomass and coal/heavy oil waste
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摘要: 本文综述了生物质和废弃物制备炭材料及其在超级电容器、锂离子电池领域应用研究进展。具有天然分级结构的生物质包括海产品和农业废弃物以及煤和重质油的副产物已被广泛应用于制备炭材料的前驱体。本文介绍了多种炭材料包括零维碳量子点、一维炭纤维、二维炭纳米片以及三维炭框架结构的制备进展，并介绍了炭材料孔结构调控方法研究进展，如KOH活化法、KOH和自模板活化结合法、自活化法、自模板法以及N, O, P杂原子掺杂和共掺杂法，阐述了炭材料的孔结构和杂原子对其电化学性能的影响。最后介绍了生物质和废弃物炭在合成、结构调控、超级电容器和锂离子电池应用中面临的挑战。Abstract: Recent progress in the synthesis of carbon materials from biomass and coal/heavy oil waste and their use as the electrode materials of supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries is reviewed. The carbon precursors include seafood and agricultural waste, and coal and heavy oil by-products. The carbon materials include 0D carbon quantum dots, 1D carbon nanofibers, 2D carbon nanosheets, and 3D carbon frameworks. Techniques to tailor the carbon porosity/surface include KOH activation with and without self-templating, self-activation and/or in-situ templating, and heteroatom doping with N, O, P and their co-doping. The effects of porosity and heteroatom doping on the electrochemical performance are summarized. The challenges for the synthesis, microstructural tailoring of these materials and their potential use in supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries are analyzed.
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Key words:
- Carbon materials /
- Biomass /
- Waste /
- Porosity /
- Heteroatom doping /
- Energy storage
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Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of N-doped activated carbons derived from prawn shells by the emineralization-deproteination-deacetylation-activation process and (b) electrochemical performances of the obtained carbons as the supercapacitor electrodes in 1 mol L−1 H2SO4 solution[4]. Reproduced with permission from ref. 4. Copyright 2016, Elsevier.
Figure 2. SEM images of (a, b) oyster shell and (c, d) HPC-3-3 sample, (e) TEM image of HPC-3-3 sample, and (f) SEM image of C-900, (g) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the obtained carbon[32]. Reproduced with permission from ref. 32. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Figure 3. (a, b) N species and their binding with Li. (c) Nucleation overpotential. The voltage-time curves during Li nucleation at 0.50 mA cm-2 on Cu foil, Graphen, and N-doping graphene electrodes [39].
Figure 4. (a) Schematic of the preparation of 3D GNC from CTP by a nano-ZnO template strategy coupled with in-situ KOH activation and (b) electrochemical performances of the obtained carbon as the supercapacitor electrodes[57]. Reproduced with permission from ref. 57. Copyright 2016, Elsevier.
Figure 5. The classification of the petroleum pitch (PP), coal tar pitch (CTP), and their subfractions. HC: pure hydrocarbons (chemical formulae: CcHh); O1: molecules containing one O heteroatom (chemical formulae: CcHhO1); N1O1: molecules containing one N and one O heteroatoms (chemical formulae: CcHhN1O1); N1:molecules containing one N heteroatom (chemical formulae: CcHhN1); N2: species containing two N heteroatoms (chemical formulae: CcHhN2); S1: molecules containing one S heteroatom (chemical formulae: CcHhS1)[65]. Reproduced with permission from ref. 65. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Figure 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of petroleum coke-based NCDs, (b) TEM and HRTEM images (inset) of NCDs and (c) the size distribution of NCDs. (A color version of this figure can be viewed online)[67]. Reproduced with permission from ref. 67. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
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