A review of fluorescent carbon dots: synthesis, photoluminescence mechanism, solid-state photoluminescence and applications in white light-emitting diodes
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摘要: 荧光碳点（CDs）作为一种尺寸小于10 nm的新型碳质纳米材料，因其优异的荧光调谐性、良好的生物相容性以及来源广泛和成本低廉等优点而受到了广泛的研究。此外，由于CDs制备工艺简单、性能优异，在光学传感、能源、生物医学成像、白光发光二极管（WLEDs）等领域均有广泛的应用。近年来，大量的CDs基固态光致发光材料被开发出来并应用于WLEDs领域。基于目前的研究，本文首先对CDs的合成策略进行了简要综述，随后详细介绍了CDs的光致发光机理和实现固态光致发光的方法，并且对CDs应用于WLEDs领域的最新进展进行了总结。最后，讨论了目前CDs研究面临的问题与挑战。Abstract: Carbon nanomaterials with a size of less than 10 nm, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs), have been extensively investigated, due to their excellent fluorescence tunability, good biocompatibility, wide range of precursors and low cost. Moreover, their simple preparation and excellent performance provide for a wide range of applications in the fields of optical sensing, energy storage, biomedical imaging, and white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). A large number of solid-state photoluminescent CDs have recently been developed and used in WLEDs. The synthesis strategies of CDs are briefly summarized and their photoluminescence mechanisms are reviewed as well as the recent progress for their use in WLEDs. Finally, prospects for solving the current problems and challenges of CDs for WLEDs are briefly presented and discussed.
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Key words:
- Carbon dots /
- Photoluminescence /
- Solid-state photoluminescence /
- WLEDs
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Figure 2. A schematic of the relationship between different products in the one-pot hydrothermal system of CA and EDA[63]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of formation process for CDs phosphors based on starch, (b-c) the EL spectra, photograph and CIE coordinates of as-fabricated white LED operated at 30 mA current[77]; (d) possible formation mechanisms of the SiO2/CDs composite phosphors by chemical dispersion[78]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 4. (a) The synthesis process of GRCDs phosphors, (b) the absorption spectra of CDs and GRCDs phosphors and PL spectra of CDs, Ca(OH)2 and GRCDs phosphors under excitation of 420 nm, (c-g) the fluorescence stability and thermal stability of GRCDs phosphors[79]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 5. (a) Optical images of luminescence CDs prepared from different reaction conditions under different excitation light, (b) the maximum emission peaks of CDs at different molar ratios of CA to urea and different reaction temperatures[37]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 6. (a-d) Photographs of CDs/epoxy composites and their application in LEDs, (e-g) performance and stability of WLEDs fabricated with CDs/epoxy composites[37]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 7. (a) The structure of diamond-like CDs and a photograph under UV light[85], (b) schematics of the growth mechanism of CDs synthesized via the vacuum heating method[86], (c) the synthesis of solid emissive CDs and their application in WLEDs[87], (d) schematic of CDs and ox-CDs in dispersed and aggregated states, frames on the right show possible band-energy structures and quenching processes of CDs in the aggregated state and recombination processes of ox-CDs in the aggregated state[89]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 8. (a-e) Synthesis of blue fluorescent CDs and their application in high color rendering index WLEDs[92], (f) schematic diagram of preparation of o-CDs, m-CDs and p-CDs, (g-j) Photographs of full-color CDs/PVA films under UV light and the performance of WLEDs fabricated with these films[94]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 9. (a) Synthesis route of W-CDs, photos of W-CDs under daylight and UV, and display diagram of WLEDs[101]; (b) Synthesis route of multicolor CDs[103]; (c) Construction of WLEDs with the W-CDs prepared in the cited article and performance of the devices fabricated[103]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 10. Illustrations of the typical device structure of CD-based electroluminescent LEDs
Figure 11. (a) Schematic structure of electroluminescent WLEDs[104]; (b-c) Schematic of host/guest doping systems (PVK/Y-CDs and TFB/Y-CDs) together with the electroluminescence spectra and corresponding CIE coordinates of WLEDs prepared from films with different TFB: Y-CDs ratios[106]; (d) The device configuration and energy level diagram of WLEDs, (e-h) Performance test results of WLEDs[110]. (Reprinted with permission)
Table 1. Summary of research progress of CDs in WLEDs
Emission color
of CDsPreparation method
of CDsQuantum yield (QY)
of CDsMethods Correlated color
temperature（CCT）CIE
coordinatesColor rendering
index（CRI）Ref. Blue Plasma-induced 6% PL WLEDs / (0.38, 0.36) 87 [92] Blue Hydrothermal 45% (CDs
phosphors)PL WLEDs 2805-7786 K (0.29-0.41, 0.33-0.36) 85-96 [93] Full-color Solvothermal / PL WLEDs / (0.33, 0.34) / [94] Red Hydrothermal 53% PL WLEDs 3875 K (0.39, 0.39) 97 [95] Red Solvothermal 23% PL WLEDs 5610 K (0.33，0.33) 92 [96] Blue, Green Hydrothermal / PL WLEDs 6428 K (0.31, 0.34) / [97] Blue, Yellow, Red Solvothermal 64%, 57%, 51% PL WLEDs 5643 K (0.31, 0.29) 87 [98] White Solvothermal 5%-13% PL WLEDs / (0.31, 0.33) 96 [99] White Solvothermal 36% PL WLEDs / (0.37, 0.39) 87 [100] White Microwave 23% PL WLEDs 6987 K (0.30, 0.35) 83 [101] Blue Solvothermal 5% PL WLEDs 7093 K (0.30, 0.34) / [102] White Hydrothermal 9% PL WLEDs 3723 K (0.39, 0.37) 91 [103] White Solvothermal / PL WLEDs 6009 K (0.32, 0.35) 97 [108] White Pyrolysis 17% EL WLEDs / (0.40, 0.43) 82 [104] Blue Microwave 41% EL WLEDs 7694 K (0.29, 0.33) 83 [105] Yellow Solvothermal 44% EL WLEDs 2683-11240 K / 60-80 [106] White Solvothermal 19% EL WLEDs 4000-5000 K (0.35, 0.36), (0.38, 0.41), (0.40, 0.43) / [107] Red Solvothermal 86% EL WLEDs 3365 K (0.38, 0.31) / [110] Note: "/" means that the item was not reported in the publication 
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