A review of synthesis method and application of MXenes as host in lithium metal anodes
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摘要: 锂金属直接用作负极时，在循环过程中面临枝晶生长和体积膨胀的问题，导致固态电解质界面（SEI）层断裂和重复形成，消耗活性物质和电解质，进而降低电池的库仑效率并导致容量快速衰减。设计具有快速传质和足够存储空间的基体是促进锂的均匀沉积、减少SEI重复生长和死锂形成的有效方法。具有二维层状结构的MXenes由于具有优异的导电性、可调控的层间距、丰富的亲锂表面官能团和优异的机械性能而被认为是良好的锂金属宿主。本综述首先总结了MXenes的多种合成方法，包括借助外部试剂蚀刻前驱体MAX相、化学气相沉积、UV诱导蚀刻和机械化学等方法。不同的合成方法会形成不同表面官能团和层状结构的MXene，进而影响锂金属的成核和生长行为。随后，介绍了纯MXene，MXene-碳杂化物和MXene-非碳杂化物在锂金属负极宿主中的应用，主要关注其缓解锂金属负极体积变化并抑制锂枝晶生长方面的性能。最后，对一些改性策略和潜在的研究方向进行了总结和展望。Abstract: Severe dendritic growth and volume expansion are easily induced during the cycling process when lithium metal is used as an anode electrode directly. These problems cause the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer to break and re-form, which consumes the active lithium metal and electrolyte, thereby reducing the Coulomb efficiency and rapid capacity. Designing a host matrix with rapid mass transfer and enough storage space to promote lithium homogeneous deposition, hence reducing the repeated SEI growth and the formation of dead lithium, is an effective method to address the concerns mentioned above issues. MXenes with two-dimensional layered structures have been regarded as feasible hosts for stabilizing lithium due to their superior electrical conductivity, sizeable interlayer space, abundant lithiophilic surface functional groups, and excellent mechanical properties. In this review, we first summarized the multiple synthesis methods of MXenes, including etching the precursor MAX phase, chemical vapor deposition, UV-induced etching, and mechanochemical et al. Various synthesis methods would induce different surface termination and lamellar structures, affecting lithium metal nucleation and growth behavior. Subsequently, pure MXene, MXene-carbon and MXene-non carbon hybrid compounds applied for lithium metal anode hosts were introduced, focusing on alleviating noticeable volume changes and inhibiting lithium dendrite growth. Finally, some modification strategies and potential research prospects were summarized and prospected.
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Key words:
- MXene /
- 2D materials /
- Synthetize /
- Lithium anodes /
- Carbon hybridization
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Figure 1. Overview of representative synthesis methods of MXenes and application as lithium metal anode host
Figure 2. (a) Schematic of the preparation of MXene by HF acid solution etching[53]. (b) Schematic of the synthesis of Ti3C2(T)z MXene through selective etching with HF generated in-situ protons and LiF[57]. (c) Schematic of etching Si to synthesize MXene[62]. (d) Schematic of using HF to selectively remove Al3C3 for preparing Ti-free based Zr3C2Tz[63]. Reprinted with permission
Figure 4. (a) Schematic of synthesizing Ti3AlC2 in ZnCl2 molten salt[67]. (b) Schematic of MXene preparation by oxidation-reduction method of cation coupling of element A and Lewis acid molten salt[68]. (c) Schematic of preparing Ti4N3-based MXene[69] (d) Schematic of introducing Si source to prepare single layer MoSi2N4 in CVD process[74]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 5. (a) Preparation flow chart of Ti3C2 MXene Li composite anode[41]. (b) Cyclic performance of symmetrical batteries at constant current density of 1.0 mA cm−2[41]. (c) The rate capabilities of Li-S full cells at various current densities from 0.5 to 5 mA cm−2[41]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 6. (a) Schematic of preparing v-Ti3C2Tx nanosheet arrays using ice template assisted blade coating method. (b) Top view and (c) cross-section SEM image of v-Ti3C2Tx electrodes; SEM characterization of v-Ti3C2Tx electrodes after plating different capacities lithium at 1.0 mA cm−2: (d) 1.0 mAh cm−2. (e) 3.0 mAh cm−2 (f) 6.0 mAh cm−2. (g) COMSOL simulation of Li deposition on v-Ti3C2Tx electrodes[78]. (h) Schematic diagram of peeling and plating states of vertical MXene Li and rGO Li arrays[79]. (j) Schematic diagram of 3D printing MXene array and lattice[80]. (k) Cycling performances of symmetric cells at 1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2[80]. (m) Rate capabilities from 1 to 20 mA cm−2[80]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 7. (a) Schematic of M/G aerogel prepared by thermal infusion strategy process and Coulombic efficiency of MG electrode at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 with 5 mAh cm−2[81]. (b) Photos and top SEM images of Li deposition on rGO coated MXene and uncoated MXene[81]. (c) The contact angle of electrolyte droplets on MG-Li at the initial time and after 1 min[81]. (d) Schematic illustration of Li-Ti3C2Tx-rGO preparation[82]. (e) Cycling performances for Li- Ti3C2Tx-rGO films of stripping/plating capacity of 2, 3, 5 and 10 mAh cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2 [82]. (f) Cycling of symmetric Li-Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrodes and bare Li foils for more than 300 h at a current density of 5 mA·cm−2. (g) Rate capability of LFP||Li- Ti3C2Tx-rGO and LFP||bare-Li cells from 0.2 to 10 C[82]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 8. (a) Schematic of Ti3C2Tx/CNTs@P nanohybrid as well as SEM imagines of Ti3C2Tx/CNTs and Ti3C2Tx/CNTs@P at the bottom left[84]. (b) High resolution XPS spectra of Ti and C[84]. (c) Schematic of Li deposition in the CNT/MXene/SnO2 composite host[85]. (d) In-situ digital holographic test images of Li metal deposition process in the CNT/MXene/SnO2 at 10 mA cm−2[85]. (e) SEM morphologies of the CNT/MXene/SnO2 host with Li plating capacities of 4 mAh cm−2 and 8 mAh cm−2[85]. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 9. TCCNFs foam[86]: (a) Preparation schematic, (b) Top-surface and (c) Cross-sectional SEM images. (d) Li deposition curves at 1 mA cm−2. (e) Multiphysics finite elemental analysis of the electric displacement field. (f) Voltage-Time profiles of symmetric cells at 1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2 and (g) 5 mA cm−2, 5 mAh cm−2; Ti3C2Tx/CMK-5 composite[87]: (h) Preparation schematic. (i) SEM and (j) TEM images. (k) Cycling stability at 1 C. (Reprinted with permission)
Figure 10. Zn-MXene nanosheets[88]: (a) Manufacturing schematic. (b) TEM and HAADF-STEM images. (c) SEM images after Li plating with various capacities. (d) Rate capabilities of the Zn-MXene-Li anodes at various current densities (1-16 mA cm−2) and folding and twisting tests. (e) Typical SEM images of Zn-MXene-Li anode at different Li plating levels. (f) Schematic of lithium deposition and stripping process on B-doped Ti3C2TxLi electrode[90]. (g) Cycling performance at 0.5 C and rate of full cells assembled with LFP cathode and B-doped Ti3C2Tx@Li anode[90]. (h) SEM and (i, j) corresponding EDS mapping images of MXene@RP paper. (m) High-resolution XPS spectra of MXene-Ti 2p, MXene@RP-Ti 2p and MXene@RP-P 2p[92]. (Reprinted with permission)
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