Effective solar-driven interfacial water evaporation-assisted adsorption of organic pollutants by a activated porous carbon material
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摘要: 近年来，太阳能驱动界面水蒸发(solar-driven interfacial water evaporation， SDIWE) 在海水淡化和废水净化方面展现出巨大应用潜力并受到了世界各国的广泛关注。然而，如何有效地利用产生的传导热损失去除有机污染物仍然是一个挑战。本文创新性地利用传导热损失进行SDIWE-辅助吸附有机污染物以提高SDIWE系统的整体能效。具体而言，通过盐模板辅助炭化和KOH活化两种方法制备了多孔炭(porous carbon, PC)和活化PC。PC与KOH活化质量比为1∶4的样品(PC- A4)具有分层多孔结构，比表面积高达1 867.71 m2 g−1，孔体积高达1.04 cm3 g−1，具有较好的全光谱吸收能力。基于此，PC-A4样品具有较高的蒸发速率和能量转换效率，通过调节水体质量可以进一步提高蒸发速率和能量效率。值得注意的是，在309 K的传导温度下PC-A4样品对罗丹明B的最大吸附量达到1 610 mg g−1，高于相同样品在298 K传导温度下的吸附量。因此，这项工作为有效利用SDIWE系统的传导热损失和推动污水净化技术的应用发展提供了一条有前途的途径。
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关键词:
- 太阳能驱动界面水蒸发 /
- 活化多孔炭 /
- 传导热损失 /
- SDIWE-辅助吸附 /
- 水净化
Abstract: Recently, solar-driven interfacial water evaporation (SDIWE) has attracted worldwide attention owing to its potential use in seawater desalination and wastewater purification. Nevertheless, how to effectively use the inevitable conduction heat loss and eliminate organic pollutants are still challenging. We report the SDIWE- assisted adsorption of organic pollutants by using the conduction heat loss to improve the total energy efficiency of the SDIWE system. Porous carbon (PC) and activated PC were prepared by a simple recrystallizing salt template-assisted carbonization and KOH activation method. After activation, the activated PC sample with a PC:KOH mass ratio of 1:4 (PC-A4) has a hierarchical porous structure, a better absorption capacity in the spectral region of 200-2500 nm, a high specific surface area of 1867.71 m2 g−1 and a large pore volume of 1.04 cm3 g−1. Based on this, PC-A4 has a high evaporation rate and energy efficiency, which can be further increased by regulating the mass of the water body. Subsequently, the conduction heat generated by the SDIWE system was used for SDIWE-assisted adsorption. Notably, the maximum amount of rhodamine B adsorbed by PC-A4 is 1610 mg g−1 at a conduction temperature of 309 K, which is higher than that of the same sample at 298 K. Consequently, this work offers a promising approach for effectively using the conduction heat loss of the SDIWE system and developing it for water purification. -
Figure 1. (a-c) SEM image of PC at different magnifications; (d-f) SEM image of PC-A4 at different magnifications
Figure 2. (a-b) Real picture and schematic illustration of water evaporation device, respectively; (c) Water mass change as a function of time for PS, PC@filter membrane and PC@PS under 1 sun irradiation; (d) Water Mass changes over time of PC@PS and activated PC@PS; (e) Comparisons of evaporation rates under various salinities; (f-g) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of and pore size distribution of PC-A4 sample, respectively; (h) UV–vis–NIR absorption spectra of PVA Sponge, PC, PC@PS and PC-A4@PS
Figure 3. (a) FTIR spectra of PC and PC-A4 samples; (b) XPS spectra of PC and PC-A4 samples; (c-d) High-resolution XPS spectra of C1s of PC and PC-A4 samples; (e) DSC curves of water, PC and PC@PS; (f) DSC curves of water, PC-A4, PC-A4@PS
Figure 4. (a) Water mass changes over time for PC-A4@PS sample under 1, 2 and 3 sun irradiations; (b) The energy efficiency for solar-steam conversion of PC, PC@PS and PC-A4@PS samples under 1 sun irradiation, and that of PC-A4@PS sample under different solar intensities; (c) The surface temperature changes of wetted PC-A4@PS under 1, 2 and 3 sun irradiations; (d) Temperature change curves of bottom water under 1, 2 and 3 sun irradiations; (e) Mass changes of PC-A4@PS sample with different masses of water body (1 sun irradiation); (f) The energy efficiency for solar-steam conversion of PC-A4@PS sample with different masses of water body (1 sun irradiation, the inset: infrared images of the surface temperature of the PC-A4@PS sample with different masses of water body)
Figure 5. Adsorption behaviors of (a) PC, (b) PC-A2 and (c) PC-A4 samples to RhB (20 mg L−1) at different conduction temperatures; (d) The nonlinear fitting curves of PC-A4 sample based on Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order kinetic equations at different conduction temperatures; (e) The equilibrium adsorption amount and removal ratio (%) of RhB onto PC-A4 at different conduction temperatures; (f) Adsorption isotherms of PC-A4 to RhB and the corresponding nonlinear fitting by Langmuir and Freundlich models at different conduction temperatures
Figure 6. (a) Plot of ln(Qe/Ce) versus 1/T for adsorption of RhB by PC-A4 sample; (b) The zeta potential of PC-A4 sample; (c) Effect of pH on the adsorption of RhB; (d) Reusability of PC-A4 to RhB; (e) The adsorption mechanism of PC-A4 for RhB
Table 1. Comparison of the water evaporation performances under 1 sun irradiation (1 kW m−2)
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Table 2. Surface area and the maximum adsorption amounts (Qmax) for RhB with other carbon materials
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