生物炭电极材料及其在电容去离子中的应用进展：制备、性能、再生和挑战

ZENG Zhi-hong; YAN Li-li; LI Guang-hui; RAO Pin-hua; SUN Yi-ran; ZHAO Zhen-yi

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60779-6

生物炭电极材料及其在电容去离子中的应用进展：制备、性能、再生和挑战

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60779-6

上海工程技术大学，上海 201620

基金项目: 地方院校能力建设项目资助(21010501400)；上海市“科技创新行动计划”启明星项目(扬帆专项)(23YF1415400)

详细信息

通讯作者:
严丽丽，副教授，E-mail：liliyan@sues.edu.cn

中图分类号: 127.1⁺1
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-12
- 录用日期: 2023-08-23
- 修回日期: 2023-08-23
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-25
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-01

Development of biochar electrode materials for capacitive deionization: preparation, performance, regeneration and other challenges

Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China

Funds: This work was supported by Capacity Building Project of Some Local Colleges and Universities in Shanghai (21010501400) and Shanghai Sailing Program (23YF1415400)

More Information

Author Bio:
曾志虹，硕士研究生，E-mail：never2210812481@163.com

Corresponding author: YAN Li-li, Associate professor. E-mail: liliyan@sues.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 电容去离子技术（CDI）是一种潜在的经济高效的海水淡化技术，其电吸附能力取决于电极材料的结构和性能。生物质材料因具有资源丰富、成本低和结构独特等优点，成为CDI电极材料领域的研究热点。然而对生物炭电极的制备、脱盐性能、及再生现状仍然有待总结和阐明。本文梳理并对比了近几年来国内外生物炭电极的制备及其在电容去离子中的应用，重点阐述了生物炭材料、CDI运行参数等对脱盐性能的影响，发现生物炭电极的脱盐量与材料的介孔占比成正相关。进一步阐明了离子的选择性吸附主要依赖于离子半径、电荷等离子特性以及工作电压、充电时间和进水水质等实验参数。最后，对该类材料电极再生的现状进行探讨并对未来发展作出了展望。
- 生物质 /
- 电极材料 /
- 电容去离子 /
- 再生
Abstract: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a potential cost-efficient desalination technology. Its performance is intrinsically limited by the structure and properties of the electrode materials. Biomass materials have become a research hotspot for CDI electrode materials because of their abundance, low cost, and unique structure. The preparation, desalination performance, and regeneration status of biochar electrodes are summarized and clarified. Their preparation and use in CDI in recent years are presented and compared, and the effects of biochar electrode materials and CDI operating parameters on the desalination performance are emphasized. It is found that the salt adsorption capacity is positively correlated with the percent mesoporous material they contain. The selective adsorption of ions mainly depends on ion properties like ionic radius and charge as well as voltage, charging time and feed water characteristics. The current status and methods of electrode regeneration are discussed and future developments are suggested.
- Biomass /
- Electrode material /
- Capacitive deionization /
- Regeneration

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FIG. 2649. FIG. 2649.

FIG. 2649.. FIG. 2649.

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Figure 1. Architecture diagrams and removal mechanisms of (a) capacitive deionization (CDI), (b) membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), (c) flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), and (d) hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI)^[21]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 2. Illustration of the synthetic procedure using pyrolysis method of (a) cattle bone porous carbon^[53], (b) wood-derived biochar^[55]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 3. Illustration of the synthetic procedure using hydrothermal carbonization of (a) bamboo-based porous carbon^[63], (b) penicillin fermentation residue derived porous biochar^[65]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 4. Illustration of the synthetic procedure using template method of (a) nitrogen-doped polyporphyrin porous carbon^[67], (b) Cl-rich porous carbon^[69], (c) preparation of the biomass-based hierarchical porous carbon by microwave synergistic^[73]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 5. Relationship between (a) SAC and the proportion of mesopore, (b) the specific surface area of biochar and total volume of pores, (c) SAC and the regeneration performance and specific surface area, (d) SAC and the regeneration performance and specific capacitance, (e) biochar-based electrode and CDI performance

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Figure 6. (a) The removal effect of biochar electrode made via 2 methods on cadmium^[94], (b) the curves of power density and electrode potentials polarization^[96], (c) the potential and current of the MCDI during a 40 cycles desalination operation^[104]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 7. Influence of the following operating parameters in the CDI system: (a) electrosorption capacity at different applied voltages^[71], (b) effect of electrode spacing^[54], (c) conductivity with different flow rate^[115], (d) SAC at equilibrium state with different initial concentrations^[31]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 8. Effects of (a) competitive ions on the adsorption of Cu²⁺ and adsorption mechanism diagram under 0.8 V^[119], (b) the chemical bond on the electrosorption and desorption of anions in CDI and adsorption mechanism diagram^[120]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 9. (a) Relationship diagram to achieve long-term stability, (b) desalination and stability performance of NAC30//AC and AC//AC at 1.2 V^[131], (c) Long-term anode stability in CDI using asymmetric electrode mass ratios^[135]. (Reprinted with permission)

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Figure 10. Statistics of research articles on the use of biomass, carbon nanofibers, carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon, for preparing electrodes for the application of CDI, published in the last 10 years (data obtained from Web of Science)

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Table 1. Properties of biochar electrodes prepared from different biomass

Carbon source	Activation method	Volume of mesopores (cm³ g⁻¹)	A total volume of pores (cm³ g⁻¹)	V_meso/V_total ratio (%)	Specific surface area (m² g⁻¹)	Specific capacitance (F g⁻¹)	Salt adsorption capacity (mg g⁻¹)	Regeneration performance	Ref.
Rice husk	KOH	0.70	1.21	57.85	1839	121	8.11	10	[41]
Cattle bone	KHCO₃	1.26	1.73	72.83	2147	-	19.35	-	[53]
Sugarcane biowaste	KOH―CO₂	0.44	1.03	42.72	1814	50	21.00	70 (87%)	[44]
Sugarcane biowaste	KOH―CO₂	0.36	0.64	56.25	1019	208	28.90	3	[71]
Kelp	KOH	-	1.4	-	2614	190	27.20	4 (100%)	[79]
Auricularia	KOH	0.19	0.90	20.62	1401	73	7.74	-	[80]
Loofa sponge	KOH	0.11	0.95	11.58	1819	93	22.50	4 (97%)	[81]
Enteromorpha prolifera	KOH	2.33	3.86	60.00	3283	361	-	-	[82]
Soybean root	KOH	0.13	0.94	13.83	2143	276	-	-	[83]
Soybean shells	KHCO₃	-	0.37	-	844	215	43.30	5	[70]
Watermelon peels	KHCO₃	-	1.31	-	2360	224	17.38	10	[84]
Citruses	ZnCl₂	0.06	0.20	31.47	323	120	10.79	35 (80%)	[85]
Pomelo peels	NH₄H₂P₄―KHCO₃	-	1.73	-	2726	207	20.78	10	[86]
Date seeds	KOH	-	-	-	981	400	22.50	6 (<5%)	[51]
Cotton	NH₃	0.71	1.54	46.10	2680	110	16.10	10	[87]
Shrimp shells	KOH	0.96	1.93	49.38	3171	-	-	-	[88]
Coconut shells	KOH―KMnO₄	0.10	0.18	53.07	304	410	33.90	5	[49]
Peanut shells	ZnCl₂―CO₂	0.85	1.21	70.25	2015	301	-	-	[89]
Litchi shells	KOH―KMnO₄	-	-	-	1486	206	-	-	[90]
Crab shells + Rice husks	KOH	0.98	2.02	48.51	3557	474	-	-	[91]
Red oak	Fe₂O₃―KOH	-	-	-	304	20	11.13	2.5 (98%)	[54]
Bamboo	KOH―Citric acid	0.31	1.38		3132	436	-	-	[64]
Barley	Copper citrate	0.65	1.16	56.03	2140	402	-	-	[92]

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