新型炭材料

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2022, 37(1): 1-2.

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2022, 37(1): 1-1.

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English Contents

2022, 37(1): 1-5.

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Advances in carbon materials for stable lithium metal batteries

JIN Cheng-bin, SHI Peng, ZHANG Xue-qiang, HUANG Jia-qi

2022, 37(1): 1-24. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60573-0

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Lithium (Li) metal is a promising anode material for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. However, the plating/stripping of Li metal is often accompanied by the formation of dendrites, which produce a short lifespan and safety hazards. To date, various approaches have been developed to suppress the dendrite growth and regulate the uniformity of the solid electrolyte interphase. Carbon materials that are lightweight, highly conductive, porous, and chemically and physically stable have been used for stabilizing the Li metal. This review summarizes the advances in carbon materials used as hosts, electrolyte additives, and coating layers in stabilizing Li metal batteries (LMBs). The advantages and limitations of various carbon materials are discussed in terms of their structural and chemical properties. Prospects for the development of carbon materials for improving LMBs are considered.

Templating synthesis of porous carbons for energy-related applications: A review

GUAN Lu, HU Han, TENG Xiao-ling, ZHU Yi-fan, ZHANG Yun-long, CHAO Hui-xia, YANG Hao, WANG Xiao-shan, WU Ming-bo

2022, 37(1): 25-45. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60574-2

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Because of their large specific surface area, high chemical and thermal stability and good electrical conductivity, porous carbons have found wide applications in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Their performance hinges heavily on their structure, making the structural control of porous carbons a research frontier in their development. In addition to the straightforward hard-templating processes, soft templating synthesis is considered another appealing strategy for the precise engineering of porous carbons. We review recent progress on synthesizing porous carbon materials for energy storage and conversion using templating processes. First, the rise of this method of preparing porous carbons is outlined by comparing it with the traditional hard templating methods. Soft templating methods are then classified into top-down, state-change and bottom-up templates based on the template formation processes. The performance of these materials in electrochemical energy storage and conversion is presented, highlighting the advantages of this synthesis method. Finally, possible obstacles and future prospects are provided.

Application and prospects for using carbon materials to modify lithium iron phosphate materials used at low temperatures

CAO He, WEN Lei, GUO ZHEN-qiang, PIAO Nan, HU Guang-jian, WU Min-jie, LI Feng

2022, 37(1): 46-58. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60584-5

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LiFePO₄, one of the most widely used cathode materials in Li -ion batteries, has many excellent properties, such as low-cost, long life and excellent safety. Unfortunately, its poor performance at low temperature hinders its use in cold regions of the world. The incorporation of carbon materials, which also have excellent electronic and ionic conductivity, in LiFePO₄ offers a promising way to solve this problem. We first briefly introduce the fade mechanism of LiFePO₄ cells at low temperature, and the preparation methods, structure, and electrochemical performance of carbon-modified LiFePO₄ materials are then summarized with a focus on carbon coatings, various carbon conductive fillers and nano-carbon modification. A combination of compositing the LiFePO₄ with carbon, followed by carbon coating is a promising way of fabricating a material for use at low-temperatures. Besides conventional carbon black, other conductive additives such as graphene and carbon nanotubes also have great potential for use in LiFePO₄ batteries at low temperatures. The problems encountered and the future development of these composites are also discussed.

Design and synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage

ZHU Cheng-yu, YE You-wen, GUO Xia, CHENG Fei

2022, 37(1): 59-92. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60579-1

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Because of damage to the environment and the energy crisis, the storage and use of sustainable energy, such as solar and wind, has become urgent. Much attention has been given to the use of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices in storing this energy. Electrode materials are critical to the performance of these devices, and carbon-based nanomaterials have become extremely promising components because of their unique and outstanding advantages. The structure design and controllable synthesis of electrode materials determine the electrochemical performance of EES to a large extent. In this review, strategies for carbon-based materials of different dimensionalities are summarized and their uses in different EES devices are given, providing an in-depth understanding of the relationship between material structure and electrochemical performance. Prospects for the design and synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials with exceptional performance for EES devices are given.

Carbon-based current collector materials for sodium metal anodes

WANG Yan, ZHU Ming, LIU Hao-xuan, ZHANAG Yuan-jun, WU Kuan, WANG Guan-yao, WU Chao

2022, 37(1): 93-108. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60581-X

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Room temperature sodium-ion batteries are the most likely alternative to lithium-ion batteries, and are considered one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. On the anode side, metallic sodium, with an ultra-high theoretical capacity and a low redox potential, has been considered the most promising material for batteries with a high energy density. However, the use of a sodium metal anode has met some challenging problems, such as the growth of sodium dendrites, side reactions between sodium metal and the electrolyte, and large volume changes during charge and discharge. Among them, the growth of sodium dendrites not only produces "dead" sodium and accelerates side reactions, leading to a rapid capacity decay, but the dendrites may also pierce the separators, causing serious safety problems such as fire and battery explosion. Carbon-based materials are a large family, with a high mechanical strength, low density, high conductivity, large specific surface area and good chemical stability. In recent years, they have been widely used as the current collectors for Na metal anodes. This article reviews recent research progress on carbon-based current collector materials for sodium metal anodes, analyzes the relationship between their interface and structure, and the performance of the sodium metal anodes. Finally, problems faced by future research on carbon-based current collectors are discussed.

Research progress on metal and covalent organic framework-based materials for high-performance supercapacitors

WANG Shuai, GUO Yu-zhe, WANG Fang-xiao, ZHOU Sheng-hu, ZENG Tian-yu, DONG Yu-bin

2022, 37(1): 109-135. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60586-9

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are both a series of crystalline porous materials. MOFs, COFs and their derivatives have attracted much attention in energy storage devices due to their highly ordered structures, large surface areas, tunable pore sizes and topologies, and well-defined redox-active porous skeletons. They must also have structural stability, an abundance of redox-active sites and high electronic conductivity for use in high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. We review the recent research progress on the design of MOFs and COFs, and their hybrids with conductive materials (e.g. conductive polymer, graphene and carbon nanotubes), and MOF- and COF-derived carbon materials. Their chemical and physical properties, capacitive performance and structure-property relationships are discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of MOF- and COF-based electrode materials are presented.

Research progress on carbon-based non-metallic nanomaterials as catalysts for the two-electron oxygen reduction for hydrogen peroxide production

SANG Zhi-yuan, HOU Feng, WANG Si-hui, LIANG Ji

2022, 37(1): 136-151. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60583-3

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The electrocatalytic two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) is an effective, safe and green method to produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as an alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process. Carbon-based nanomaterials with the advantages of high electrical conductivity, good structural stability, easy control of the nanostructure and low cost, are recognized as promising catalysts for H₂O₂ production by 2e-ORR. A detailed overview of the research progress on these carbon-based electrocatalysts, their intrinsic active centers and reaction mechanisms is helpful to obtain a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the latest progress in this field. Fundamental aspects and mechanisms of the two-electron and four-electron pathways for the ORR are introduced, followed by a comprehensive review of strategies to modify carbon-based nanomaterials such as single, dual or multiple heteroatom doping, defect design and surface modification, in order to obtain high activity and selectivity for H₂O₂ synthesis. Finally, the prospects and challenges in obtaining catalysts with high rate and yield are presented, which should shed light on future scientific research and their use for H₂O₂ synthesis.

Recent progress on mesoporous carbon materials used in electrochemical catalysis

LIANG Zhen-jin, HONG Zi-bo, XIE Ming-yue, GU Dong

2022, 37(1): 152-179. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60575-4

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Because of their advantages of high specific surface area, uniform and adjustable pore size and shape, and good electrical conductivity and chemical stability, mesoporous carbon materials have been widely used in the fields of catalysis, adsorption, gas separation and electrochemical energy storage. In recent years, doping and hybridizing multi-components with mesoporous carbon materials has given them tunable functionality, making them a hot topic in the field of materials science. This review first introduces strategies for the synthesis of mesoporous carbon materials by the soft-templating, hard-templating and template-free methods. Recent progress on mesoporous carbons and their composites used in electrochemical catalysis are then summarized, including heteroatom-doped mesoporous carbons and their composites with metal compounds. Their use in electrochemical catalysis includes the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction. Their use in organic electrocatalytic synthesis is also discussed. Finally, trends in the development of mesoporous carbons and their composites in electrochemical catalysis are considered.

Porous carbons for use in electro-Fenton and Fenton-like reactions

PAN Zhe-lun, QIAN Xu-fang

2022, 37(1): 180-195. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60578-X

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Electro-Fenton, photo-Fenton and Fenton-like reactions are important advanced oxidation processes for waste water treatment, which overcome the limitations of a narrow pH range and excessive iron sludge production in the classic Fenton reaction and have received great attention in the last few decades. The porous carbons in these Fenton-like reaction systems act as catalyst carriers to disperse active species, and as adsorbents to enrich reactants. They promote electron and mass transfer, prevente metal leaching and improve the efficiency of contaminant removal. They also promote the production and activation of hydrogen peroxide in electro-Fenton reactions and inhibit the recombination rate of electron/hole pairs in photo-Fenton reactions. There are well-developed synthesis methods for porous carbons, giving them different functionalities, and a high chemical and thermal stability, making them favored materials for use in these reactions. Recent developments in these fields are discussed.

Synthesis of mesoporous carbon materials from renewable plant polyphenols for environmental and energy applications

FENG You-you, CHEN Yi-qing, WANG Zheng, WEI Jing

2022, 37(1): 196-222. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60577-8

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Mesoporous carbon materials have a high specific surface area, tunable surface chemistry and pore structure, and good chemical stability and conductivity. They have attracted great attention for use in environmental remediation, industrial catalysis, energy conversion and storage. The carbon precursor is important for the synthesis of mesoporous carbons with different properties. Plant polyphenols are a kind of universal biomass with low cost, nontoxicity and sustainability that can be used as a carbon source. Most importantly, their good adhesion and metal chelating ability make them suitable for the synthesis of mesoporous carbon composites. Methods for the synthesis of different forms of mesoporous carbon from plant polyphenols are provided, including porous carbon foams, ordered mesoporous carbons, mesoporous carbon spheres, heteroatom-doped mesoporous carbons, and composites of mesoporous carbon with metals. Their uses in environmental and energy studies are summarized.

Carbon based electrocatalysts for selective hydrogen peroxide conversion

YAN Xiao, SHI Wen-wu, WANG Xin-zhong

2022, 37(1): 223-236. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60582-1

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Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a versatile chemical and a promising carbon-free energy carrier. The selective synthesis of H₂O₂ from water and oxygen is considered to be a secure and energy-efficient production method, yet the design of ideal electrocatalysts with the desired activity, selectivity and stability remains challenging. Recent progress in the development of highly selective and active carbon-based catalysts is summarized, including the design principles for active catalysts, tailoring active sites on the catalyst surface, and catalyst structure engineering. Fundamental principles of oxygen reduction reaction mechanisms are presented. Novel strategies, including heteroatom doping, surface/interface engineering, and supported single metal atoms, are highlighted. We believe that by appropriately changing the components and engineering the microenvironment of the active sites, the rational design of efficient catalysts with long-term stability can be achieved, bridging the gap between theoretical prediction and experimental observation. Finally, prospects for future research are provided.

Hydrophilic carbon monoliths derived from metal-organic frameworks@resorcinol-formaldehyde resin for atmospheric water harvesting

TANG Song-yuan, WANG Yong-sheng, YUAN Ya-fei, BA Ya-qi, WANG Li-qiu, HAO Guang-ping, LU An-hui

2022, 37(1): 237-244. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60576-6

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Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is considered a promising technique to address the problem of global water shortage. Adsorption-based AWH technology, has the advantages of a simple device structure, high energy efficiency, wide application range, etc., and has attracted much attention. For the adsorption, one of the key issues is to find high-performance porous adsorbents. Porous carbons have exceptional stability, high porosity and low cost, but are usually highly hydrophobic with a low affinity for polar water molecules. A class of monolithic porous carbons with good hydrophilicity was prepared by the pyrolysis of composites consisting of a metal-organic framework in a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin matrix, in which the metal-organic parts developed polar sites in the final products. AWH tests showed that in a relative humidity of 40%-80%, the water capture capacity of the adsorbents reached 20%.

Optimizing the carbon coating to eliminate electrochemical interface polarization in a high performance silicon anode for use in a lithium-ion battery

QI Zhi-yan, DAI Li-qin, WANG Zhe-fan, XIE Li-jing, CHEN Jing-peng, CHENG Jia-yao, SONG Ge, LI Xiao-ming, SUN Guo-hua, CHEN Cheng-meng

2022, 37(1): 245-258. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60580-8

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Ordered and disordered carbons have been commonly used as coating materials for silicon (Si) anodes, however the effect of carbons with different crystallinities and pore structures on their electrochemical performance remains controversial. We used pitch and phenolic resin (PR) as the precursors of ordered and disordered carbon, respectively, to prepare carbon-coated silicon (Si@C) with strictly controlled carbon contents and surface functional groups. Their electrochemical behavior was investigated. An ordered crystalline structure is favorable for electron transport, and mesopores and macropores are conducive to the diffusion of lithium ions. Such a coating with a small pore volume is an excellent buffer for the expansion of Si, and the electrode maintains structural integrity for 50 cycles. A disordered porous structure is less robust and produces a large polarization, which produces continuous volume expansion with cycling and leads to inferior electrochemical performance. As a result, the capacity and capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g⁻¹ of Si@C-Pitch are respectively 8 times and 1.9 times those of Si@C-PR. This study provides theoretical guidance for the selection of carbon materials used in Si@C anodes.

Glycine-derived nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbons with a bimodal mesopore size distribution for supercapacitors and oxygen reduction

SHAO Ying, HU Ze-yu, YAO Yan, WEI Xiang-ru, GAO Xing-min, WU Zhang-xiong

2022, 37(1): 259-276. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60585-7

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Nitrogen-doped carbon materials are promising for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Dopant control and pore engineering play important roles in improving their performance. We have synthesized nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (N-OMCs) with a bimodal mesopore size distribution using a solvent-free nanocasting method. The simplest amino acid (glycine, Gly) was used as the only carbon precursor and ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 as the hard template. The confined pyrolysis of Gly in SBA-15 leads to efficient carbonization, nitrogen doping and an interesting structure. The N-OMCs have high surface areas (923–1374 m²·g⁻¹), large pore volumes (1.32–2.21 cm³·g⁻¹), a bimodal distribution of mesopore sizes (4.8 and 6.2–20 nm) and high nitrogen contents (3.66%–12.23%). The effects of the Gly/SBA-15 mass ratio (1–3) and carbonization temperature (700–1000 °C) on the physicochemical properties of the N-OMCs were studied. When used as electrode materials the N-OMCs have a high performance in supercapacitors. A typical sample has a large specific capacitance of 298 F·g⁻¹, a good rate capability (70% retention at 30 A·g⁻¹) and high stability. The different capacitances and rate capabilities of the N-OMCs are discussed by correlating them with their physicochemical properties. A balance of surface area, degree of graphitization, nitrogen doping, and an open mesoporous structure is essential to achieve the best performance. The N-OMCs also have a good performance in the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction. A typical sample has a high onset of 0.92 V, a high half-wave potential of 0.83 V and a large limiting current density of 5.06 mA·cm⁻².

2022 Vol. 37, No. 1

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