Insights into the photocatalytic behavior of carbon-rich shungite-based WO<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts for enhanced dye and pharmaceutical degradation

Zeynep Balta; Esra Bilgin Simsek

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60495-4

Volume 35 Issue 4

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Zeynep Balta, Esra Bilgin Simsek. Insights into the photocatalytic behavior of carbon-rich shungite-based WO3/TiO2 catalysts for enhanced dye and pharmaceutical degradation. New Carbon Mater., 2020, 35(4): 371-383. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60495-4

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Zeynep Balta, Esra Bilgin Simsek. Insights into the photocatalytic behavior of carbon-rich shungite-based WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts for enhanced dye and pharmaceutical degradation. New Carbon Mater., 2020, 35(4): 371-383. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60495-4

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Insights into the photocatalytic behavior of carbon-rich shungite-based WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts for enhanced dye and pharmaceutical degradation

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60495-4

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, 77100 Yalova, Turkey

Received Date: 2020-04-02
Rev Recd Date: 2020-07-05
Publish Date: 2020-08-28

Abstract

Abstract

Carbon-rich shungite-based WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts were synthesized by a solvothermal method. The morphological, structural, optical and physical features of the catalysts were characterized by XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The photocatalytic performance of the catalysts was investigated for the degradation of Orange II dye and pharmaceuticals under UV-A irradiation. SEM images show that the shungite surface is completely covered with WO₃/TiO₂ particles. Raman and XPS analyses demonstrate that the carbon-rich shungite is well-incorporated with the WO₃ and TiO₂. UV-Vis DRS indicates enhanced visible-light absorption and a lowered band gap (2.83 eV) for the catalysts. The degradation degree of Orange II increases with increasing shungite ratio, which is ascribed to a combined effect of adsorption and photocatalysis, and the improved light absorption and easy transfer of photogenerated holes and electrons across the interface of W/Ti. Mechanism studies indicate that the π-π conjugation between a dye molecule and the aromatic bonds of carbon materials are more dominant rather than columbic interactions, and that·O₂^- is the main species in Orange II degradation. However, the Orange II degradation efficiency is lowered in drinking water due to the photo-generated hole (h⁺)-scavenging effects by organic matter and salts and their competing adsorption with the target pollutant in the active sites on the catalyst surface. This work provides a possible use of the carbon-rich shungite as a natural carbon resource for the fabrication of carbon-based photocatalysts.
- Shungite,
- WO₃,
- TiO₂,
- Photocatalysis,
- Orange II,
- pharmaceutical

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