<i>In</i>-<i>situ</i> observation of electrolyte-dependent interfacial change of the graphite anode in sodium-ion batteries by atomic force microscopy

ZHANG Xin-ren; YANG Jia-ying; REN Zeng-ying; XIE Ke-yu; YE Qian; XU Fei; LIU Xing-rui

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60601-2

Volume 37 Issue 2

Mar. 2022

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Article Navigation > New Carbon Mater. > 2022 > 37(2): 371-380

ZHANG Xin-ren, YANG Jia-ying, REN Zeng-ying, XIE Ke-yu, YE Qian, XU Fei, LIU Xing-rui. In-situ observation of electrolyte-dependent interfacial change of the graphite anode in sodium-ion batteries by atomic force microscopy. New Carbon Mater., 2022, 37(2): 371-380. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60601-2

Citation:

ZHANG Xin-ren, YANG Jia-ying, REN Zeng-ying, XIE Ke-yu, YE Qian, XU Fei, LIU Xing-rui. In-situ observation of electrolyte-dependent interfacial change of the graphite anode in sodium-ion batteries by atomic force microscopy. New Carbon Mater., 2022, 37(2): 371-380. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60601-2

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In-situ observation of electrolyte-dependent interfacial change of the graphite anode in sodium-ion batteries by atomic force microscopy

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60601-2

ZHANG Xin-ren^1
,,
YANG Jia-ying¹,
REN Zeng-ying¹,
XIE Ke-yu^{1
,
,},
YE Qian^{1, 2},
XU Fei^{1
,
,},
LIU Xing-rui^{1
,
,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Funds: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51972270, 21603175), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2020JZ-07), the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (2019TSLGY07-03), the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing (NPU), China (2021-TS-03), and the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication (CAS), China (LSL-2007)

More Information

Author Bio:
张馨壬，博士研究生. E-mail：xrzhang1996@foxmail.com
Corresponding author: XIE Ke-yu, Ph.D. Professor. E-mail: kyxie@nwpu.edu.cn; XU Fei, Ph.D. Professor. E-mail: feixu@nwpu.edu.cn; LIU Xing-rui, Ph.D. Professor. E-mail: liuxingrui@nwpu.edu.cn
Received Date: 2021-10-26
Rev Recd Date: 2021-12-17

Available Online: 2022-02-28

Publish Date: 2022-03-30

Abstract

Abstract

Graphite has proved to be inactive for Na⁺ storage in ester-based electrolytes when used as the anode material. Recent studies have shown the feasibility of a graphite anode for Na⁺ storage with a large capacity and a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) in linear ether-based electrolytes. Understanding such solvent-dependent electrochemical behavior at the nanometer scale is essential but has remained elusive, especially the direct visualization of the graphite/electrolyte interface. We report the in-situ observation by atomic force microscopy of a working battery that allowed us to monitor and visualize the changes of the graphite/electrolyte interface in both linear ether and ester-based electrolytes. Results indicate that there is no solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in the linear ether-based electrolytes and the co-intercalation is reversible and stable in the following cycles, which are responsible for the relatively high ICE, large capacity and excellent stability. In the ester-based electrolytes, SEI deposition is obvious during the sodiation process, but not in the desodiation process, leading to a serious consumption of the electrolyte, and thus a low ICE and irreversible Na⁺ storage. Our findings provide insights into the dynamics of changes in the graphite/electrolyte interface and reveal the solvent-dependent Na⁺ storage at the nanometer scale, paving the way to develop high-performance Na⁺ batteries.
- Graphite anode,
- In situ atomic force microscopy,
- Sodium-ion batteries,
- Diglyme

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References(39)

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