Pitch-based carbon materials: a review of their structural design, preparation and applications in energy storage

LIU Hui-chao; ZHU Sheng; CHANG Yun-zhen; HOU Wen-jing; HAN Gao-yi

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60743-7

Volume 38 Issue 3

Jun. 2023

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > New Carbon Mater. > 2023 > 38(3): 459-477

LIU Hui-chao, ZHU Sheng, CHANG Yun-zhen, HOU Wen-jing, HAN Gao-yi. Pitch-based carbon materials: a review of their structural design, preparation and applications in energy storage. New Carbon Mater., 2023, 38(3): 459-477. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60743-7

Citation:

LIU Hui-chao, ZHU Sheng, CHANG Yun-zhen, HOU Wen-jing, HAN Gao-yi. Pitch-based carbon materials: a review of their structural design, preparation and applications in energy storage. New Carbon Mater., 2023, 38(3): 459-477. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60743-7

Citation:

LIU Hui-chao, ZHU Sheng, CHANG Yun-zhen, HOU Wen-jing, HAN Gao-yi. Pitch-based carbon materials: a review of their structural design, preparation and applications in energy storage. New Carbon Mater., 2023, 38(3): 459-477. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60743-7

PDF( 5454 KB)

Pitch-based carbon materials: a review of their structural design, preparation and applications in energy storage

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60743-7

Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

Funds: The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A6004, U21A20172, 61804091, 21574076 and U1510121), the Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi (202101030201022) and Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province (202103021223019)

More Information

Author Bio:
刘慧超，博士研究生. E-mail：949303175@qq.com
Corresponding author: ZHU Sheng, Lecturer. E-mail: shengzhu@sxu.edu.cn; HAN Gao-yi, Professor. E-mail: han_gaoyis@sxu.edu.cn
Received Date: 2023-02-10
Accepted Date: 2023-05-11
Rev Recd Date: 2023-05-11

Available Online: 2023-05-23

Publish Date: 2023-06-01

Abstract

Abstract

Because of its high carbon content and easy graphitization, pitch is a promising precursor for carbon materials. To produce carbon materials with the desired performance, it is necessary to overcome the inherent shortcomings of pitch. For example, its complex composition and easy melting make it difficult to control the structure of the resulting carbon materials. Recently, researchers have proposed several methods to control the structure of carbon materials produced from pitch for energy storage applications. The latest advances in the structural design and preparation of pitch-based carbon materials for use in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and alkali metal ion batteries are reviewed.
- Pitch,
- Carbon materials,
- Preparation,
- Structural design,
- Energy storage

FullText(HTML)

References(95)

References

[1]	Jiang L, Sheng L, Fan Z. Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage[J]. Science China Materials,2017,61(2):133-158.
[2]	Larcher D, Tarascon J M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage[J]. Nature Chemistry,2015,7(1):19-29. doi: 10.1038/nchem.2085
[3]	Font J, Salvadó N, Butí S, et al. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a suitable technique in the study of the materials used in waterproofing of archaeological amphorae[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2007,598(1):119-127. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.021
[4]	Audrius V, Judita G, Ovidijus Š, et al. An algorithm for the use of MSWI bottom ash as a building material in road pavement structural layers[J]. Construction and Building Materials,2019,212(10):456-466.
[5]	Wang Y L, He Z G, Zhan L, et al. Coal tar pitch based carbon foam for thermal insulating material [J]. Materials Letters, 2016, 169 (15): 95-98.
[6]	Wallouch R W, Murty H N, Heintz E A. Pyrolysis of coal tar pitch binders [J]. Carbon, 1972, 10 (6): 729-735.
[7]	Guan T T, Zhang G L, Zhao J H, et al. Insight into the oxidative reactivity of pitch fractions for predicting and optimizing the oxidation stabilization of pitch[J]. Fuel,2019,242(15):184-194.
[8]	Chai L N, Lou B, Liu D, et al. Evaluating of the oxidative behaviors of isotropic pitch fractions for optimal the mechanical properties of isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2022,168:105734. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105734
[9]	Niu Z S, Wang Y G, Shen J, et al. Insight into aromatic structures of a middle-temperature coal tar pitch by direct characterization and ruthenium ion-catalyzed oxidation[J]. Fuel,2019,241(1):1164-1171.
[10]	Meng X, Chang P, Zhang J Z, et al. Porous carbon nanospheres with moderately oriented domains for EDLC electrode[J]. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society,2019,60(11):1499-1506.
[11]	Huang Y L, Liu J X, Liu X G, et al. Synthesis of photoluminescent SiC-SiO_x nanowires using coal tar pitch as carbon source[J]. Ceramics International,2020,46(17):27232-27237. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.207
[12]	Wei Y C, Zhou J, Yang L, et al. N/S co-doped interconnected porous carbon nanosheets as high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials[J]. New Carbon Materials,2022,37(4):707-715. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60595-X
[13]	Park G D, Choi J H, Jung D S, et al. Three-dimensional porous pitch-derived carbon coated Si nanoparticles-CNT composite microsphere with superior electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2020,821(25):153224.
[14]	Wang G Y, Wang X H, Sun J F, et al. Porous carbon nanofibers derived from low-softening-point coal pitch towards all-carbon potassium ion hybrid capacitors[J]. Rare Metals,2022,41(11):3706-3716. doi: 10.1007/s12598-022-02067-1
[15]	Lu P, Sun Y, Xiang H F, et al. 3D amorphous carbon with controlled porous and disordered structures as a high-rate anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2018,8(8):1702434. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702434
[16]	Liu Y H, Liu X P, Ma Z K, et al. A new preparation method of graphite cones from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/polyimide composite carbon fibers[J]. Carbon,2022,193(30):128-135.
[17]	He X J, Zhang H B, Zhang H, et al. Direct synthesis of 3D hollow porous graphene balls from coal tar pitch for high performance supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2014,2(46):19633-19640. doi: 10.1039/C4TA03323J
[18]	Zhi L J, Müllen K. A bottom-up approach from molecular nanographenes to unconventional carbon materials [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2008, 18 : 1472-1484.
[19]	Song Z Y, Chen S L, Du S, et al. Construction of high-performance LiMn_{0. 8}Fe_0.2PO₄/C cathode by using quinoline soluble substance from coal pitch as carbon source for lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2022,927(15):166921.
[20]	Li S Z, Guo Q G, Song Y, et al. Carbon foams with high compressive strength derived from mesophase pitch treated by toluene extraction[J]. Carbon,2007,45(17):2843-2845.
[21]	Fei Y Q, Sakanishi K Y, Sun V N, et al. Concentration of pyrroles and phenols from coal tar pitch by organic solvent extraction[J]. Fuel,1990,69(2):261-262. doi: 10.1016/0016-2361(90)90186-T
[22]	He X J, Li R C, Qiu J S, et al. Synthesis of mesoporous carbons for supercapacitors from coal tar pitch by coupling microwave-assisted KOH activation with a MgO template[J]. Carbon,2012,50(13):4911-4921. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.020
[23]	Shao J, Ma F, Wu G, et al. In-situ MgO (CaCO₃) templating coupled with KOH activation strategy for high yield preparation of various porous carbons as supercapacitor electrode materials[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,321:301-313. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.092
[24]	Zeng S Q, Shi X, Zheng D Z, et al. Molten salt assisted synthesis of pitch derived Carbon for Zn ion hybrid supercapacitors[J]. Materials Research Bulletin,2021,135:111134. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111134
[25]	Xie L Y, Shao Y J, Zhong W Q, et al. Molecular dynamic simulation on the oxidation process of coal tar pitch[J]. Fuel,2019,242(15):50-61.
[26]	Guo H Y, Li Y, Wang C L, et al. Effect of the air oxidation stabilization of pitch on the microstructure and sodium storage of hard carbons[J]. New Carbon Materials,2021,36(6):1073-1078. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60075-6
[27]	Lou B, Liu D, Duan Y J, et al. Structural modification of petroleum pitch induced by oxidation treatment and its relevance to carbonization behaviors[J]. Energy Fuels,2017,31(9):9052-9066.
[28]	Liu H C, Song H, Feng L P, et al. One-pot molten salt-assisted synthesis of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon for high energy density supercapacitors[J]. Applied Surface Science,2022,605(15):15457.
[29]	Wu H, Yuan W Y, Yuan X W, et al. Atmosphere-free pyrolysis of harakeke fiber: A new chamber-induced activation methodology for porous carbon electrodes in supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Materials,2022,50:514-524.
[30]	Liu Z D, Duan C P, Dou S M, et al. Ultrafast porous carbon activation promises high-energy density supercapacitors[J]. Small,2022,18(23):2200954. doi: 10.1002/smll.202200954
[31]	Xiong Q, Liu B, Liu Y J, et al. In-situ self-templating synthesis of 3D hierarchical porous carbons from oxygen-bridged porous organic polymers for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Nano Research,2022,15:7759-7768. doi: 10.1007/s12274-022-4452-x
[32]	Liu Q, Hu X, Liu Y J, et al. One-step low-temperature molten salt synthesis of two-dimensional Si@SiO_x@C hybrids for high-performance lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2020,12:55844-55855.
[33]	Wang H Y, Zhu H Z, Li Y X, et al. Hierarchical porous carbon derived from carboxylated coal-tar pitch for electrical double layer capacitors[J]. RSC Advances,2019,9:29131. doi: 10.1039/C9RA05329H
[34]	Zhang J, Liu Q R, He H, et al. Coal tar pitch as natural carbon quantum dots decorated on TiO₂ for visible light photodegradation of rhodamine B[J]. Carbon,2019,152:284-294. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.034
[35]	Zang X N, Dong Y, Jian C Y, et al. Upgrading carbonaceous materials: Coal, tar, pitch, and beyond[J]. Matter,2022,5(2):430-477. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.11.022
[36]	Dong Y W, Xing G Z, Jin L E, et al. Co-carbonization of brominated petroleum pitch, coal tar pitch and benzoyl chloride to prepare cokes[J]. New Carbon Materials,2019,34(3):258-266. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(19)60015-6
[37]	Cho J H, Kim M I, Im J S, et al. Study of the molecular-weight distribution of binder pitches for carbon blocks[J]. ACS Omega,2021,6(15):10180-1018. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00323
[38]	Wang Y F, Wang Y W, Xun L H, et al. Regulating the radial structure of polyacrylonitrile fibers during pre-oxidation and its effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting carbon fibers[J]. New Carbon Materials,2021,36(4):827-834.
[39]	Zhang G L, Guan T, Qiao J L, et al. Free-radical-initiated strategy aiming for pitch-based dual-doped carbon nanosheets engaged into high-energy asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Materials,2020,26:119-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.12.038
[40]	Guan T, Zhao J H, Zhang G L, et al. Insight into controllability and predictability of pore structures in pitch based activated carbons[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2018,271(15):118-127.
[41]	Guan T, Zhao J H, Li K X, et al. Template-free preparation of layer-stacked hierarchical porous carbons from coal tar pitch for high performance all-solid-state supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5(30):15869-15878. doi: 10.1039/C7TA02966G
[42]	Zhang G L, Guan T, Wang N, et al. Small mesopore engineering of pitch-based porous carbons toward enhanced supercapacitor performance[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,339(1):125818.
[43]	Zhuang Q, Cao J P, Zhao X Y, et al. Preparation of layered-porous carbon from coal tar pitch narrow fractions by single-solvent extraction for superior cycling stability electric double layer capacitor application[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2020,567(1):347-356.
[44]	Zhang Z C, Wang Z H, Zhang L J, et al. Study on the co-carbonization behavior of high-temperature coal tar pitch and raffinate oil of low-temperature coal tar[J]. Fuel,2022,310:122469. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122469
[45]	Dong Y W, Xing G Z, Jin L E, et al. Co-carbonization of brominated petroleum pitch, coal tar pitch and benzoyl chloride to prepare cokes[J]. Carbon,2019,153:805.
[46]	Niu H, Zuo P, Shen W Z, et al. A comprehensive investigation on the chemical structure character of spinnable pitch for improving and optimizing the oxidative stabilization of coal tar pitch-based fiber [J]. Polymer, 2021, 224, 123737.
[47]	Wang Y L, Chen X H, Ding M J, et al. Oxidation of coal pitch by H₂O₂ under mild conditions[J]. Energy Fuels,2018,32(1):796-800.
[48]	Kim M, Bai B C. Effect of nitric acid treatment on the pitch properties and preparation of activated carbon [J]. Carbon Letter, 2022, 32, 99–107.
[49]	Wang W C, Liu G, Shen J, et al. Reducing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in coal tar pitch by potassium permanganate oxidation and solvent extraction[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2015,3(3):1513-1521. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2015.05.024
[50]	Yang Y K, Zuo P, Qu S J. Adjusting hydrophily and aromaticity strategy for pitch-based hierarchical porous carbon and its application in ﬂexible supercapacitor [J]. Fuel, 2022, 331, 122514. DOI: 1 0.1016/j.fuel.2021.122514
[51]	Yang Y K, Zuo P, Qu S J, et al. Layer-stacked graphite-like porous carbon for ﬂexible all-solid-state supercapacitor[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,425:130609. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130609
[52]	Zhuang Q, Cao J P, Wu Y, et al. Direct synthesis of oxygen-enriched 3D porous carbons via NaCl template derived from oxidized coal tar pitch for excellent cycling stability electric double layer capacitor[J]. Journal of Power Source,2021,508:230330. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230330
[53]	Guo W J, Geng C, Sun Z F, et al. Microstructure-controlled amorphous carbon anode via pre-oxidation engineering for superior potassium-ion storage[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2022,623:1075-1084. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.073
[54]	Yang X, Zhao S, Zhang Z, et al. Pore structure regulation of hierarchical porous carbon derived from coal tar pitch via pre-oxidation strategy for high-performance supercapacitor[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2022,614:298-309. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.093
[55]	Lu Y X, Zhao C L, Qi X G, et al. Pre-oxidation-tuned microstructures of carbon anodes derived from pitch for enhancing Na storage performance[J]. Advanced. Energy Materials,2018,8:1800108. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201800108
[56]	Liu C, Zheng H J, Yu K, et al. Direct synthesis of P/O-enriched pitch-based carbon microspheres from a coordinated emulsification and pre-oxidation towards highrate potassium-ion batteries[J]. Carbon,2022,194:176-184. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.03.064
[57]	Kado Y, Soneda Y. Preparation of porous carbons by templating method using Mg hydroxide for supercapacitors[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2019,287:101-106.
[58]	Díez N, Sevilla M, Fuertes A B. Synthesis strategies of templated porous carbons beyond the silica nanocasting technique[J]. Carbon,2021,178(30):451-476.
[59]	Zhao Y B, Yuan Y, Xu Y M, et al. Fine-regulating ultramicropores in porous carbon via a self-sacrificial template route for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Nanoscale,2021,13(3):1961-1969. doi: 10.1039/D0NR07480B
[60]	Nicolae S A, Szilágyi P Á, Titirici M. Soft templating production of porous carbon adsorbents for CO₂ and H₂S capture [J]. Carbon, 2020, 169, 193-204.
[61]	Yan Q Y, Zhao C, Zhang L, et al. Facile two-step synthesis of porous carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic activity using a soft template[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering,2019,7,(4):3866-3874.
[62]	Shi J S, Cui H M, Xu J G, et al. Design and fabrication of hierarchically porous carbon frameworks with Fe₂O₃ cubes as hard template for CO₂ adsorption[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,389(1):124459.
[63]	Guan L, Hu H, Teng X L, et al. Templating synthesis of porous carbons for energy-related applications: A review[J]. New Carbon Materials,2022,37(1):25-45. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60574-2
[64]	Li H P, Song X Y, Wang X J, et al. One-step construction of hierarchically porous carbon nanorods with extraordinary capacitive behavior[J]. Carbon,2020,160(30):176-187.
[65]	Xing B L, Zeng H, Huang G X, et al. Magnesium citrate induced growth of noodle-like porous graphitic carbons from coal tar pitch for high-performance lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2021,376(20):138043.
[66]	Xing B L, Zhang C T, Liu Q R, et al. Green synthesis of porous graphitic carbons from coal tar pitch templated by nano-CaCO₃ for high-performance lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2019,795:91-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.300
[67]	Zhang T, Liu P, Zhong Y, et al. N, S co-doped branched carbon nanotubes with hierarchical porous structure and electron/ion transfer pathways for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries[J]. Carbon,2022,198(15):91-100.
[68]	Li N, Li N, Qu S J, et al. Iron and nitrogen anchored hierarchical hollow porous carbon microtubes for an electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2022,926(10):166746.
[69]	He X J, Yu H, Fan L W, et al. Honeycomb-like porous carbons synthesized by a soft template strategy for supercapacitors[J]. Materials Letters,2017,195(15):31-33.
[70]	Cheng Y L, Li T H, Fang C Q, et al. Soft-templated synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanospheres and hollow carbon nanofibers[J]. Applied Surface Science,2013,282:862-869. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.06.072
[71]	Wang H Y, Zhou C, Zhu H Z, et al. Hierarchical porous carbons from carboxylated coal-tar pitch functional poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel networks for supercapacitor electrodes[J]. RSC Advances,2020,10:1095. doi: 10.1039/C9RA09141F
[72]	Zeng K, Yang X Y, Xie Y P, et al. Molten salt pyrolysis of biomass: The evaluation of molten salt[J]. Fuel,2021,302(15):121103.
[73]	Voisin T, Erriguible A, Aymonier C. A new solvent system: Hydrothermal molten salt [J]. Science Advances, 2020, 6 (17): 770-776.
[74]	Song Y L, Wang Z C, Yan Y D, et al. Molten salt synthesis and supercapacitor properties of oxygen-vacancy LaMnO_3−δ[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry,2020,43:173-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2019.09.007
[75]	Liu H C, Song H, Hou W J, et al. Coal tar pitch-based hierarchical porous carbons prepared in molten salt for supercapacitors[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2021,265(1):124491.
[76]	Liu H C, Yao X S, Song H, et al. Molten salt-confined construction of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors [J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2022, 128 : 109289.
[77]	Ren P X, Wu D L, Wang T, et al. K₂CO₃-KCl acts as a molten salt ﬂame retardant to prepare N and O doped honeycomb-like carbon in air for supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2022,532:231072. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231072
[78]	Liu Q D, Han F, Zhou J F, et al. Boosting the potassium-ion storage performance in soft carbon anodes by the synergistic effect of optimized molten salt mediumand N/S dual-doping[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2020,12:20838-20848.
[79]	Luo X Y, Zheng H, Lai W D, et al. Defect engineering of carbons for energy conversion and storage applications [J]. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2022 , 0 : 1 − 22
[80]	Shao C, Qiu S, Wu G, et al. Rambutan-like hierarchically porous carbon microsphere as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Carbon Energy,2021,3(2):361-374. doi: 10.1002/cey2.81
[81]	Xue B C, Xu J H, Xiao R. Synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon with tailored porosity and electrical conductivity derived from hard−soft carbon precursors for enhanced capacitive performance [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9 (47): 15925−15934.
[82]	Liu H C, Shi W H, Song H, et al. Dual-role salt-assisted construction of hierarchically porous carbon for supercapacitors with high energy and power density[J]. ACS Appllied. Energy Materials,2023,6(1):222-232. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02807
[83]	Guan L, Pan L, Peng T Y, et al. Green and scalable synthesis of porous carbon nanosheet-assembled hierarchical architectures for robust capacitive energy harvesting[J]. Carbon,2019,152:537-544. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.059
[84]	Cao Y J, Lu C Y, Wen Z, et al. N/O co-doped porous carbons derived from coal tar pitch for ultra-high specific capacitance supercapacitors[J]. ACS Omega,2022,27:23342-23352.
[85]	Yin F, Lu K L, Wei X Y, et al. Fabrication of N/O self-doped hierarchical porous carbons derived from modified coal tar pitch for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Fuel,2022,310:122418. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122418
[86]	Li Y M, Sheng Y, Li H, et al. A superior low-cost amorphous carbon anode made from pitch and lignin for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4:96. doi: 10.1039/C5TA08601A
[87]	Zhang Q L, Xi B J, Chen W H, et al. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes-supported porous silicon microparticles in low-temperature molten salt for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes[J]. Nano Research,2022,15:6184-6191. doi: 10.1007/s12274-022-4275-9
[88]	Feng X Y, Wu H H. Gao B, et al. Lithiophilic N-doped carbon bowls induced Li deposition in layered graphene film for advanced lithium metal batteries[J]. Nano Research,2022,15:352-360. doi: 10.1007/s12274-021-3482-0
[89]	Gao F, Geng C, Xiao N, et al. Hierarchical porous carbon sheets derived from biomass containing an activation agent and in-built template for lithium ion batteries[J]. Carbon,2018,138:1085-1092.
[90]	Prakash S, Kumar R, Gupta A, et al. A process for developing spherical graphite from coal tar as high performing carbon anode for Li-ion batteries[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2022,281:125836. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125836
[91]	Sun Q, Li D P, Cheng J, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon derived from pre-oxidized pitch for surface dominated potassium-ion storage[J]. Carbon,2019,155:601-610. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.08.059
[92]	Qi Y R, Lu Y X, Liu L L, et al. Retarding graphitization of soft carbon precursor: From fusion-state to solid-state carbonization[J]. Energy Storage Materials,2020,26:577-584. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.11.031
[93]	Wang Y W, Xiao N, Wang Z Y, et al. Ultrastable and high-capacity carbon nanofiber anodes derived from pitch/polyacrylonitrile for flexible sodium-ion batteries[J]. Carbon,2018,135:187-194. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.031
[94]	Yin X P, Zhao Y F, Wang X, et al. Modulating the graphitic domains of hard carbons derived from mixed pitch and resin to achieve high rate and stable sodium storage[J]. Small,2022,18:2105568. doi: 10.1002/smll.202105568
[95]	Ma X Q, Xiao N, Xiao J, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped porous carbons for high-rate potassium ion batteries[J]. Carbon,2021,179:33-41. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.067