A review of 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency used for solar water vapor generation

HAN Yue; ZHANG Peng; ZHAO Xiao-ming

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60827-9

Volume 39 Issue 2

Apr. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > New Carbon Mater. > 2024 > 39(2): 240-253

HAN Yue, ZHANG Peng, ZHAO Xiao-ming. A review of 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency used for solar water vapor generation. New Carbon Mater., 2024, 39(2): 240-253. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60827-9

Citation:

HAN Yue, ZHANG Peng, ZHAO Xiao-ming. A review of 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency used for solar water vapor generation. New Carbon Mater., 2024, 39(2): 240-253. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60827-9

Citation:

PDF( 3894 KB)

A review of 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency used for solar water vapor generation

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60827-9

HAN Yue^1
,,
ZHANG Peng^{2
,
,},
ZHAO Xiao-ming^{1
,
,}

1.
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Energy Storage, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
2.
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China

Funds: Consulting Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (2021DFZD1).

More Information

Author Bio:
HAN Yue, Master Student. E-mail: hanyue7089@163.com
Corresponding author: ZHANG Peng, Associate Professor. E-mail: pengzhang@tiangong.edu.cn; ZHAO Xiao-ming, Professor. E-mail: tex_zhao@163.com
Received Date: 2023-09-28
Accepted Date: 2023-11-20
Rev Recd Date: 2023-11-20

Available Online: 2023-11-28

Publish Date: 2024-04-20

Abstract

Abstract

In recent years, photothermal-driven desalination has been regarded as one of the most promising methods to solve the global crisis of freshwater scarcity. The solar generation of water vapor (SGWV) is a key process in seawater desalination which uses simple equipment and has a high cost-benefit. Among alternative photothermal conversion materials for a SGWV system, three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbon-based materials have many advantages, including low cost, good structure control, and high light-harvesting efficiency which gives a high evaporation rate. 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency are reviewed together with their use in interface SGWV. The working mechanism of SGWV and the classification of SGWV materials are first considered, followed by detailed consideration of 3D monolithic carbon materials, including their design, preparation and working mechanism in SGWV. Finally, both the advantages and disadvantages of 3D monolithic carbon materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency are examined.
- Photothermal conversion,
- 3D monolithic materials,
- Carbonaceous material,
- Solar vapor generation,
- Desalination

FullText(HTML)

References(104)

References

[1]	Tian C, Li C, Chen D, et al. Sandwich hydrogel with confined plasmonic Cu/carbon cells for efficient solar water purification[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(27):15462-15471. doi: 10.1039/D1TA02927D
[2]	Alfaro-barajas A, Vega-hincapie D J, Hdz-garcia H, et al. Carbon monoliths from pet wastes for interfacial solar evaporation[J]. Materials Letters,2021,294:129796. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129796
[3]	Gao S, Dong X, Huang J, et al. Bioinspired soot-deposited janus fabrics for sustainable solar steam generation with salt-rejection[J]. Global Challenges,2019,3(8):1800117. doi: 10.1002/gch2.201800117
[4]	Ni G, Li G, Boriskina S, et al. Steam generation under one sun enabled by a floating structure with thermal concentration[J]. Nature Energy,2016,1(9):16126. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.126
[5]	Zhao F, Zhou X, Shi Y, et al. Highly efficient solar vapour generation via hierarchically nanostructured gels[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2018,13(6):489-495. doi: 10.1038/s41565-018-0097-z
[6]	Ren Y, Zhou R, Yang R, et al. Systematic review of material and structural design in interfacial solar evaporators for clean water production[J]. Solar RRL,2023,7(5):2201014. doi: 10.1002/solr.202201014
[7]	Chu C, Jia Z, Yu Y, et al. 3D macroporous CuPC/g-C₃N₄ heterostructured composites for highly efficient multifunctional solar evaporation[J]. Nanoscale,2022,14(37):13731-13739. doi: 10.1039/D2NR03289A
[8]	Tarus B K, Jande Y A C, Njau K N. Electrospun carbon nanofibers for use in the capacitive desalination of water[J]. New Carbon Materials,2022,37(06):1066-1084. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60645-0
[9]	Li J, Jing Y, Xing G, et al. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation for water treatment: Advanced research progress and challenges[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2022,10(36):18470-18489. doi: 10.1039/D2TA03321F
[10]	Luo X, Shi J, Zhao C, et al. The energy efficiency of interfacial solar desalination[J]. Applied Energy,2021,302:117581. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117581
[11]	Xu Y, Sun F, Wang L, et al. Double-layered phase change materials featuring high photothermal conversion for stable thermoelectric power generation[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2024,976:173285. doi: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2023.173285
[12]	Liang L, Liu H, Yu J, et al. Plasmon-enhanced solar vapor generation[J]. Nanophotonics,2019,8(5):771-786. doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-0039
[13]	Wang J, Li Y, Deng L, et al. High-performance photothermal conversion of narrow-bandgap Ti₂O₃ nanoparticles[J]. Advanced Materials,2017,29(3):1603730. doi: 10.1002/adma.201603730
[14]	Sun Y, Zhao Z B, Zhao G Y, et al. Solar-driven simultaneous desalination and power generation enabled by graphene oxide nanoribbon papers[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2022,10(16):9184-9194. doi: 10.1039/D2TA00375A
[15]	Zhu M, Li Y, Chen F, et al. Plasmonic wood for high-efficiency solar steam generation[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2018,8(4):1701028. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701028
[16]	Guan W, Guo Y, Yu G. Carbon materials for solar water evaporation and desalination[J]. Small,2021,17(48):e2007176. doi: 10.1002/smll.202007176
[17]	Xie Z, Wang H, Deng Q, et al. Heat transfer characteristics of carbon-based photothermal superhydrophobic materials with thermal insulation micropores during anti-icing/deicing[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2022,13(43):10237-10244.
[18]	Sourav C, Jongha H, Seongji H, et al. Rational design of a high performance and robust solar evaporator via 3D-printing technology[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(38).
[19]	Chen Y, Zhao G, Ren L, et al. Blackbody-inspired array structural polypyrrole-sunflower disc with extremely high light absorption for efficient photothermal evaporation[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020.
[20]	Ahmed F E, Hashaikeh R, Hilal N. Hybrid technologies: The future of energy efficient desalination-a review[J]. Desalination,2020,495:114659. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114659
[21]	Chen S, Sun Z, Xiang W, et al. Plasmonic wooden flower for highly efficient solar vapor generation[J]. Nano Energy,2020,76:104998. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104998
[22]	Chang Q, Guo Z, Shen Z, et al. Interaction promotes the formation and photothermal conversion of carbon dots/polydopamine composite for solar-driven water evaporation[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces,2021,8(12):2100332. doi: 10.1002/admi.202100332
[23]	Luo W, Shi C, Wang S, et al. Carbon coated vermiculite aerogels by quick pyrolysis as cost-effective and scalable solar evaporators[J]. Desalination,2023,566:116886. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116886
[24]	Chen Y, Zhao X, Ye Z, et al. Robust seawater desalination and sewage purification enabled by the solar-thermal conversion of the janus-type graphene oxide evaporator[J]. Desalination,2022,522:115406. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2021.115406
[25]	Ghasemi H, Ni G, Marconnet A M, et al. Solar steam generation by heat localization[J]. Nature Communications, 2014, 5.
[26]	Zhao X, Meng X, Zou H, et al. Nano-enabled solar driven-interfacial evaporation: Advanced design and opportunities[J]. Nano Research,2023,16(5):6015-6038. doi: 10.1007/s12274-023-5488-2
[27]	Zou H, Meng X, Zhao X, et al. Hofmeister effect-enhanced hydration chemistry of hydrogel for high-efficiency solar-driven interfacial desalination[J]. Advanced Materials,2023,35(5):e2207262. doi: 10.1002/adma.202207262
[28]	Shi C, Luo W, Zhang Y, et al. Scalable and flexible biomass-derived photothermal paper for efficient solar-assisted water purification[J]. Cellulose,2023,30(11):7193-7204. doi: 10.1007/s10570-023-05326-1
[29]	Wang Y, Wang F, Shi C, et al. Monolithic mxene aerogels encapsulated phase change composites with superior photothermal conversion and storage capability[J]. Nanomaterials,2023,13(10):1661. doi: 10.3390/nano13101661
[30]	Xu L, Wang J, Li K, et al. A systematic review of factors affecting properties of thermal-activated recycled cement[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 185.
[31]	He W, Zhou L, Wang M, et al. Structure development of carbon-based solar-driven water evaporation systems[J]. Science Bulletin (Beijing),2021,66(14):1472-1483. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.014
[32]	Zuo S, Li D, Guan Z, et al. Utilization of sewage resources through efficient solar-water evaporation by single-atom Cu sites[J]. Carbon,2022,187:207-215. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.11.022
[33]	Sun Y, Zhao Z, Zhao G, et al. High performance carbonized corncob-based 3D solar vapor steam generator enhanced by environmental energy[J]. Carbon,2021,179:337-347. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.04.037
[34]	Li N, Ma Y, Chang Q, et al. Effective solar-driven interfacial water evaporation-assisted adsorption of organic pollutants by a activated porous carbon material[J]. New Carbon Materials,2023,38(5):925. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60778-4
[35]	Cen Z, Tang Y, Huang J, et al. Two-dimensional molecular brush-based ultrahigh edge-nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets for ultrafast potassium-ion storage[J]. Batteries-Basel,2023,9(7):363. doi: 10.3390/batteries9070363
[36]	Huang J, Leng K, Cen Z, et al. Cobalt-decorated carbon nanotube bottlebrushes for boosting polysulfide conversion in lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. Science China Materials,2023,66(5):1747-1756. doi: 10.1007/s40843-022-2303-0
[37]	Huang J, Zuo Y, Liang M, et al. Multifunctional cationic molecular brushes-assisted fabrication of two-dimensional MoS₂/carbon composites for ultrafast and long-term sodium storage[J]. Carbon,2023,202:187-193. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.10.018
[38]	Shi C, Huang J, Tang Y, et al. A hierarchical porous carbon aerogel embedded with small-sized TiO₂ nanoparticles for high-performance Li-S batteries[J]. Carbon,2023,202:59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.09.086
[39]	Tang Y, Cen Z, Ma Q, et al. A versatile sulfur-assisted pyrolysis strategy for high-atom-economy upcycling of waste plastics into high-value carbon materials[J]. Advanced Science,2023,10(15):e2206924. doi: 10.1002/advs.202206924
[40]	Wang Z, Lin X, Tang Y, et al. Facile and universal defect engineering toward highly stable carbon-based polymer brushes with high grafting density[J]. Small,2023,19(20):e2207821. doi: 10.1002/smll.202207821
[41]	Yang H, Huang J, Liu S, et al. Pseudocapacitive potassium-ion intercalation enabled by topologically defective soft carbon toward high-rate, large-areal-capacity, and low-temperature potassium-ion batteries[J]. Small,2023,19(39):e2302537. doi: 10.1002/smll.202302537
[42]	Du R, Fu Y, Zhang L, et al. Desalination of high-salt brine via carbon materials promoted cyclopentane hydrate formation[J]. Desalination, 2022, 534.
[43]	Dong Z, Sun B, Zhu H, et al. A review of aligned carbon nanotube arrays and carbon/carbon composites: Fabrication, thermal conduction properties and applications in thermal management[J]. New Carbon Materials,2021,36(5):873-892. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60090-2
[44]	Hou Q, Xue C, Li N, et al. Self-assembly carbon dots for powerful solar water evaporation[J]. Carbon,2019,149:556-563. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.083
[45]	Li J, Chang Q, Xue C, et al. Carbon dots efficiently enhance photothermal conversion and storage of organic phase change materials through interfacial interaction[J]. Carbon,2023,203:21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.11.046
[46]	Zhou H, Xue C, Chang Q, et al. Assembling carbon dots on vertically aligned acetate fibers as ideal salt-rejecting evaporators for solar water purification[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 421.
[47]	Du Y, Meng X, Wang Z, et al. Graphene-based catalysts for CO₂ electroreduction[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2022, 38(2).
[48]	Ma Y, Meng X, Li K, et al. Scrutinizing synergy and active site of nitrogen and selenium dual-doped porous carbon for efficient triiodide reduction[J]. Acs Catalysis, 2023: 1290-1298.
[49]	Zhao X, Meng X, Zou H, et al. Topographic manipulation of graphene oxide by polyaniline nanocone arrays enables high-performance solar-driven water evaporation[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2023,33(7):2209207. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202209207
[50]	Qu J, Yu Z, Zang Y, et al. A CoMn₂O₃₅-rGO hybrid as an effective fenton-like catalyst for the decomposition of various dyes[J]. New Carbon Materials,2019,34(6):539-545. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(19)60030-2
[51]	Wu N, Che S, Li H, et al. A review of three-dimensional graphene networks for use in thermally conductive polymer composites: Construction and applications[J]. New Carbon Materials,2021,36(5):911-926. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60089-6
[52]	Liang H, Liao Q, Chen N, et al. Thermal efficiency of solar steam generation approaching 100% through capillary water transport[J]. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition,2019,58(52):19041-19046. doi: 10.1002/anie.201911457
[53]	Zhou X, Guo Y, Zhao F, et al. Hydrogels as an emerging material platform for solar water purification[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research,2019,52(11):3244-3253. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00455
[54]	Li X, Ni G, Cooper T, et al. Measuring conversion efficiency of solar vapor generation[J]. Joule,2019,3(8):1798-1803. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.06.009
[55]	Yu Z, Cheng S, Li C, et al. Highly efficient solar vapor generator enabled by a 3D hierarchical structure constructed with hydrophilic carbon felt for desalination and wastewater treatment[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2019,11(35):32038-32045.
[56]	Zhang Y, Ravi S K, Tan S C. Systematic study of the effects of system geometry and ambient conditions on solar steam generation for evaporation optimization[J]. Advanced Sustainable Systems,2019,3(8):1900044. doi: 10.1002/adsu.201900044
[57]	Zhan H, Wu K, Hu Y, et al. Biomimetic carbon tube aerogel enables super-elasticity and thermal insulation[J]. Chem,2019,5(7):1871-1882. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.04.025
[58]	Fan X, Yang Y, Shi X, et al. A mxene-based hierarchical design enabling highly efficient and stable solar-water desalination with good salt resistance[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2020,30(52):1-11.
[59]	Yasuhiro S, Takahiro T, Takumi H, et al. Resorcinol-formaldehyde resins as metal-free semiconductor photocatalysts for solar-to-hydrogen peroxide energy conversion[J]. Nature Materials,2019,18(9):985-993.
[60]	Cao S, Jiang Q, Wu X, et al. Advances in solar evaporator materials for freshwater generation[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2019,7(42):24092-24123. doi: 10.1039/C9TA06034K
[61]	Gao M, Zhu L, Peh C K, et al. Solar absorber material and system designs for photothermal water vaporization towards clean water and energy production[J]. Energy & Environmental Science,2019,12(3):841-864.
[62]	Chen C, Kuang Y, Hu L. Challenges and opportunities for solar evaporation[J]. Joule,2019,3(3):683-718. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.023
[63]	Brongersma M L, Halas N J, Nordlander P. Plasmon-induced hot carrier science and technology[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2015,10(1):25-34. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.311
[64]	Long R, Li Y, Song L, et al. Coupling solar energy into reactions: Materials design for surface plasmon-mediated catalysis[J]. Small,2015,11(32):3873-3889. doi: 10.1002/smll.201403777
[65]	Meng F, Ju B, Zhang S, et al. Nano/microstructured materials for solar-driven interfacial evaporators towards water purification[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(24):13746-13769. doi: 10.1039/D1TA02202D
[66]	Cui X, Ruan Q, Zhou X, et al. Photothermal nanomaterials: A powerful light-to-heat converter[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2023.
[67]	Chen Q, Zhao J, Cheng H, et al. Progress in 3D-graphene assemblies preparation for solar-thermal steam generation and water treatment[J]. Acta Physico Chimica Sinica,2021,38(1):2101020.
[68]	Wang H, Mi X, Li Y, et al. 3D graphene-based macrostructures for water treatment[J]. Advanced Materials,2020,32(3):e1806843. doi: 10.1002/adma.201806843
[69]	Gao F, Yu Z, Zang Y, et al. Resistance matching materials nanoarchitectonics for better performances in water evaporation-driven generators[J]. Nanotechnology,2022,33(19):195402. doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4d55
[70]	Qu J, Tu J, Guan C, et al. Nanochannel-dependent power generation performance of NiAl-LDH/SiO₂-based generators driven by natural water evaporation[J]. Sustainable Energy & Fuels,2022,6(22):5100-5110.
[71]	Wu L, Zhang Y, Shang P, et al. Redistributing Zn ion flux by bifunctional graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for dendrite-free zinc metal anodes[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(48):27408-27414. doi: 10.1039/D1TA08697A
[72]	Wang X, Sun Y, Zhao G, et al. Preparation of carbon nanotube/cellulose hydrogel composites and their uses in interfacial solar-powered water evaporation[J]. New Carbon Materials,2023,38(1):162-172. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60621-8
[73]	Li Y, Wu L, Dong C, et al. Manipulating horizontal ZN deposition with graphene interpenetrated ZN hybrid foils for dendrite-free aqueous zinc ion batteries[J]. Energy & Environmental Materials, 2023.
[74]	Shang P, Liu M, Mei Y, et al. Urea-mediated monoliths made of nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbon nanosheets for high-performance aqueous zinc ion hybrid capacitors[J]. Small,2022,18(16):2108057. doi: 10.1002/smll.202108057
[75]	Zhang Z, Dong Y, Gu Y, et al. Graphene-nanoscroll-based janus bifunctional separators suppress lithium dendrites and polysulfides shuttling synchronously in high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2022,10(17):9515-9523. doi: 10.1039/D2TA01515C
[76]	Bian Y, Du Q, Tang K, et al. Carbonized bamboos as excellent 3D solar vapor-generation devices[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies,2018,4(4):1800593.
[77]	Wu L, Dong Z, Cai Z, et al. Highly efficient three-dimensional solar evaporator for high salinity desalination by localized crystallization[J]. Nature Communications,2020,11(1):521. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14366-1
[78]	Chen X, Yang N, Wang Y, et al. Highly efficient photothermal conversion and water transport during solar evaporation enabled by amorphous hollow multishelled nanocomposites[J]. Advanced Materials,2022,34(7):e2107400. doi: 10.1002/adma.202107400
[79]	Yang B, Zhang Z, Liu P, et al. Flatband lambda-Ti₃O₅ towards extraordinary solar steam generation[J]. Nature,2023,622:499-506.
[80]	Yang X, Yang Y, Fu L, et al. An ultrathin flexible 2D membrane based on single-walled nanotube-MoS₂ hybrid film for high-performance solar steam generation[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2018,28(3):1704505. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201704505
[81]	Ying P, Li M, Yu F, et al. Band gap engineering in an efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation system[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2020,12(29):32880-32887.
[82]	Zou Y, Qin C, Zhai H, et al. The optical characteristics of C@Cu core-shell nanorods for solar thermal applications[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, 182.
[83]	Xu D, Zhong H, Li M, et al. Efficient plasmonic enhanced solar evaporation achieved by laser-assisted Cu/graphene nanocomposite[J]. Carbon,2023,204:231-237. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.019
[84]	Wu L, Mei Y, Liu Y, et al. Interfacial synthesis of strongly-coupled delta-MnO₂/MXene heteronanosheets for stable zinc ion batteries with Zn²⁺-exclusive storage mechanism[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 459.
[85]	Cao H, Jiao S, Zhang S, et al. In situ synthesizing C-CuO composite for efficient photo-thermal conversion and its application in solar-driven interfacial evaporation[J]. International Journal of Energy Research,2021,45:7829-7839. doi: 10.1002/er.6367
[86]	Kim S, Tahir Z, Rashid M U, et al. Highly efficient solar vapor generation via a simple morphological alteration of TiO₂ films grown on a glassy carbon foam[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(43):50911-50919.
[87]	Li B, Guo Z, Feng Y, et al. A multi-functional photothermal-catalytic foam for cascade treatment of saline wastewater[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(30):16510-16521. doi: 10.1039/D1TA03376J
[88]	Zhang Z, Mu P, Han J, et al. Superwetting and mechanically robust MnO₂ nanowire–reduced graphene oxide monolithic aerogels for efficient solar vapor generation[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2019,7:18092. doi: 10.1039/C9TA04509K
[89]	Zhang J, Zhao B, Liang W, et al. Three-phase electrolysis by gold nanoparticle on hydrophobic interface for enhanced electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction[J]. Advanced Science,2020,7(22):2002630. doi: 10.1002/advs.202002630
[90]	Wu W, Gao F, Qu J, et al. Self-assembly of graphene oxide/nanodiamond microspheres with high adsorption for Pb²⁺ ions[J]. Chemistryselect,2022,7(10):1-9.
[91]	Ito Y, Tanabe Y, Han J, et al. Multifunctional porous graphene for high-efficiency steam generation by heat localization[J]. Advanced Materials,2015,27(29):4302-4307. doi: 10.1002/adma.201501832
[92]	Ren H, Tang M, Guan B, et al. Hierarchical graphene foam for efficient omnidirectional solar-thermal energy conversion[J]. Advanced Materials,2017,29(38):1702590. doi: 10.1002/adma.201702590
[93]	Gao X, Ren H, Zhou J, et al. Synthesis of hierarchical graphdiyne-based architecture for efficient solar steam generation[J]. Chemistry of Materials,2017,29(14):5777-5781. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01838
[94]	Lin K, Lin H, Yang T, et al. Structured graphene metamaterial selective absorbers for high efficiency and omnidirectional solar thermal energy conversion[J]. Nature Communications,2020,11(1):1389. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15116-z
[95]	Awad F S, Kiriarachchi H D, Abouzeid K M, et al. Plasmonic graphene polyurethane nanocomposites for efficient solar water desalination[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials,2018,1(3):976-985. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00109
[96]	Xu W, Hu X, Zhuang S, et al. Flexible and salt resistant janus absorbers by electrospinning for stable and efficient solar desalination[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2018,8(14):1.
[97]	Zhang Q, Yang H, Xiao X, et al. A new self-desalting solar evaporation system based on a vertically oriented porous polyacrylonitrile foam[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2019,7(24):14620-14628. doi: 10.1039/C9TA03045J
[98]	Zhang X, Yang G, Zong L, et al. Tough, ultralight, and water-adhesive graphene/natural rubber latex hybrid aerogel with sandwichlike cell wall and biomimetic rose-petal-like surface[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2020,12(1):1378-1386.
[99]	Li X, Li J, Lu J, et al. Enhancement of interfacial solar vapor generation by environmental energy[J]. Joule,2018,2(7):1331-1338. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.004
[100]	Xu Z, Ran X, Wang D, et al. High efficient 3D solar interfacial evaporator: Achieved by the synergy of simple material and structure[J]. Desalination, 2022, 525.
[101]	Zhao X, Meng X, Zou H, et al. Topographic manipulation of graphene oxide by polyaniline nanocone arrays enables high-performance solar-driven water evaporation[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2022,33(7):2209207.
[102]	Qin Y, Peng Q, Ding Y, et al. Lightweight, superelastic, and mechanically flexible graphene/polyimide nanocomposite foam for strain sensor application[J]. ACS Nano,2015,9(9):8933-8941. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02781
[103]	Zhang X, Zhang T, Wang Z, et al. Ultralight, superelastic, and fatigue-resistant graphene aerogel templated by graphene oxide liquid crystal stabilized air bubbles[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2019,11(1):1303-1310.
[104]	Xu A, Xie B, Li C, et al. Microcrystalline graphite-coupled carbon matrix composites with three-dimensional structure for photothermal conversion and storage[J]. Journal of Energy Storage,2024,84(PB):110689. doi: 10.1016/J.EST.2024.110689