Abstract: As the power consumption and heat generation of electronic devices continue to increase, higher demands are being placed on thermal management materials for heat dissipation. Graphene has been widely used as a thermally conductive filler to improve the thermal conductivity of polymers. However, the poor dispersibility of graphene nanoplates in polymers dramatically limits their practical use in thermal management. A promising strategy to increase the thermal conductivity of polymer composites is to construct interconnected three-dimensional graphene networks. This review summarizes the recent advances in the construction and applications of three-dimensional graphene-based polymer composites and ways to improve their thermal conductivity. The current challenges and prospects for the preparation and applications of these materials are considered.