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2023, 38(1): 1-17.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60710-3
Abstract:
Porous carbons are widely used in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their light weight, large specific surface area, high electronic conductivity and structural stability. Over the past decades, the construction and functionalization of porous carbons have seen great progress. This review summarizes progress in the use of porous carbons in different energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion, lithium-oxygen, lithium-sulfur, and lithium-metal batteries for anode protection, sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and metal ion capacitors. Methods for the synthesis and functionalization of porous carbons are discussed and the effects of their pore texture on the electrochemical performance of different energy storage systems are outlined. Strategies for their structural control are proposed, and the challenges and prospects for their use in energy storage devices are discussed.
Porous carbons are widely used in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their light weight, large specific surface area, high electronic conductivity and structural stability. Over the past decades, the construction and functionalization of porous carbons have seen great progress. This review summarizes progress in the use of porous carbons in different energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion, lithium-oxygen, lithium-sulfur, and lithium-metal batteries for anode protection, sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and metal ion capacitors. Methods for the synthesis and functionalization of porous carbons are discussed and the effects of their pore texture on the electrochemical performance of different energy storage systems are outlined. Strategies for their structural control are proposed, and the challenges and prospects for their use in energy storage devices are discussed.
2023, 38(1): 18-39.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60719-X
Abstract:
Fibrous graphite materials are highly attractive due to their unique morphologies, high degree of orientation of their graphite microcrystallites, extremely good mechanical and conductive properties, fascinating growth mechanisms, diverse preparation methods and potential applications. This review summarizes the preparation methods, Raman spectra and the growth mechanisms of graphite whiskers, columnar carbons with cone-shaped top cones, and needle- and rod-like polyhedral crystals, and their optical, electrical and magnetic properties and applications are outlined.
Fibrous graphite materials are highly attractive due to their unique morphologies, high degree of orientation of their graphite microcrystallites, extremely good mechanical and conductive properties, fascinating growth mechanisms, diverse preparation methods and potential applications. This review summarizes the preparation methods, Raman spectra and the growth mechanisms of graphite whiskers, columnar carbons with cone-shaped top cones, and needle- and rod-like polyhedral crystals, and their optical, electrical and magnetic properties and applications are outlined.
2023, 38(1): 40-72.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60718-8
Abstract:
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted tremendous attention for large-scale stationary grid energy storage. With the upcoming commercialization of SIBs in the foreseeable future, developing high-performance carbon anodes from sustainable biomass is becoming increasingly important in the preparation of cost-effective SIBs. This review summarizes advanced carbon anodes for SIBs derived from various lignocellulose biomass waste. The history of our understanding of sodium storage mechanisms in carbon anodes is first discussed to clarify their structure-performance relationships. Conventional preparation strategies including pore structure design, heteroatom doping, control of the graphitic structure, and morphology control and their effects on the sodium storage capability of biomass-derived carbon anodes are then discussed. Finally, the practical applications, future research directions and challenges for the use of biomass-derived carbon anodes for SIBs are discussed from the aspects of synthesis methods, microstructure control and production costs.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted tremendous attention for large-scale stationary grid energy storage. With the upcoming commercialization of SIBs in the foreseeable future, developing high-performance carbon anodes from sustainable biomass is becoming increasingly important in the preparation of cost-effective SIBs. This review summarizes advanced carbon anodes for SIBs derived from various lignocellulose biomass waste. The history of our understanding of sodium storage mechanisms in carbon anodes is first discussed to clarify their structure-performance relationships. Conventional preparation strategies including pore structure design, heteroatom doping, control of the graphitic structure, and morphology control and their effects on the sodium storage capability of biomass-derived carbon anodes are then discussed. Finally, the practical applications, future research directions and challenges for the use of biomass-derived carbon anodes for SIBs are discussed from the aspects of synthesis methods, microstructure control and production costs.
2023, 38(1): 73-95.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60717-6
Abstract:
Natural graphite has many excellent properties such as high thermal and electrical conductivities, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and radiation tolerance. It is widely used in many fields such as thermal management, battery electrodes, and the nuclear industry. The carbon content is an important factor that limits the applications of natural graphite minerals, but the impurities are difficult to remove from high-grade graphite minerals. This review discusses the types of natural graphite and mineral resources, followed by a discussion of traditional graphite purification processes and new methods to obtain high-purity graphite. Recent research on the development of natural graphite for use in thermal management, battery electrodes and the nuclear industry are summarized and the future applications of natural graphite are discussed.
Natural graphite has many excellent properties such as high thermal and electrical conductivities, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and radiation tolerance. It is widely used in many fields such as thermal management, battery electrodes, and the nuclear industry. The carbon content is an important factor that limits the applications of natural graphite minerals, but the impurities are difficult to remove from high-grade graphite minerals. This review discusses the types of natural graphite and mineral resources, followed by a discussion of traditional graphite purification processes and new methods to obtain high-purity graphite. Recent research on the development of natural graphite for use in thermal management, battery electrodes and the nuclear industry are summarized and the future applications of natural graphite are discussed.
2023, 38(1): 96-110.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60715-2
Abstract:
Resin carbons have favorable mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, and are widely used as structural and functional materials in aviation, aerospace and energy storage, etc. The inherent molecular structures of resins make their graphitization difficult, which greatly limits wide applications. Research progress on the graphitization and applications of resin carbons in recent years are reviewed. Their graphitized carbon content can be increased and their graphitization temperature reduced by adding catalysts, carbon nanomaterials and easily graphitized co-carbonization agents. Most studies have been devoted to increasing their graphitized carbon content using catalysts and carbon nanomaterials. The degree of graphitization of resin carbons at temperatures below 1400 °C can reach 74% by adding a catalyst, and above 2000 °C by adding carbon nanomaterials. Co-carbonization agents may increase their degree of graphitization and also their carbon yield. The thermal and electrical conductivities of carbon/carbon composites could be improved by increasing the degree of graphitization of resin carbons, and this would improve the conductivity, rate performance and power density of supercapacitors and secondary batteries. Challenges and research prospects for the graphitization of resin carbons and their applications are discussed.
Resin carbons have favorable mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, and are widely used as structural and functional materials in aviation, aerospace and energy storage, etc. The inherent molecular structures of resins make their graphitization difficult, which greatly limits wide applications. Research progress on the graphitization and applications of resin carbons in recent years are reviewed. Their graphitized carbon content can be increased and their graphitization temperature reduced by adding catalysts, carbon nanomaterials and easily graphitized co-carbonization agents. Most studies have been devoted to increasing their graphitized carbon content using catalysts and carbon nanomaterials. The degree of graphitization of resin carbons at temperatures below 1400 °C can reach 74% by adding a catalyst, and above 2000 °C by adding carbon nanomaterials. Co-carbonization agents may increase their degree of graphitization and also their carbon yield. The thermal and electrical conductivities of carbon/carbon composites could be improved by increasing the degree of graphitization of resin carbons, and this would improve the conductivity, rate performance and power density of supercapacitors and secondary batteries. Challenges and research prospects for the graphitization of resin carbons and their applications are discussed.
2023, 38(1): 111-129.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60703-6
Abstract:
High-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EWAMs) are expected to solve electromagnetic wave radiation problems in both the military and civil fields. The desired features of EWAMs include strong absorption over a broad bandwidth, low density, thinness, oxidation resistance, wear resistance, ability to withstand high-temperatures and high strength. Carbon-based materials, including nanostructures and composites, are attractive alternatives to EWAMs because of their unique structures and properties. We summarize recent achievements in carbon-based EWAMs, including different dimensional (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) carbon nanostructures and various types of carbon composites (dielectric/carbon, magnetic/carbon) and hybrids. The factors affecting the absorption of electromagnetic microwaves include electrical conductivity (σ), permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ) are discussed based on the electromagnetic microwave absorption mechanisms. Representative carbon-based EWAMs and the corresponding mechanisms of improving their electromagnetic microwave absorption are highlighted and analyzed. Strategies for the modification of carbon-based EWAMs are summarized and research trends are proposed.
High-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EWAMs) are expected to solve electromagnetic wave radiation problems in both the military and civil fields. The desired features of EWAMs include strong absorption over a broad bandwidth, low density, thinness, oxidation resistance, wear resistance, ability to withstand high-temperatures and high strength. Carbon-based materials, including nanostructures and composites, are attractive alternatives to EWAMs because of their unique structures and properties. We summarize recent achievements in carbon-based EWAMs, including different dimensional (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) carbon nanostructures and various types of carbon composites (dielectric/carbon, magnetic/carbon) and hybrids. The factors affecting the absorption of electromagnetic microwaves include electrical conductivity (σ), permittivity (ε) and permeability (μ) are discussed based on the electromagnetic microwave absorption mechanisms. Representative carbon-based EWAMs and the corresponding mechanisms of improving their electromagnetic microwave absorption are highlighted and analyzed. Strategies for the modification of carbon-based EWAMs are summarized and research trends are proposed.
2023, 38(1): 130-142.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60716-4
Abstract:
Fluorinated carbon (CFx) are a class of carbon derivatives with C―F bonds formed by the fluorination of carbon materials, including graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Because of their different carbon skeletons with polar C―F bonds, they have many excellent properties such as chemical stability, band gap adjustability and superhydrophobicity. Based on their structure and properties, we review the status and development trends of CFx for use in chemical energy, lubrication and semiconductors in recent years in China. We discuss the industrialization of CFx in China and the main reasons for their limited use in civil fields, as well as the problems and future development opportunities of CFx, which suggests some practical applications.
Fluorinated carbon (CFx) are a class of carbon derivatives with C―F bonds formed by the fluorination of carbon materials, including graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Because of their different carbon skeletons with polar C―F bonds, they have many excellent properties such as chemical stability, band gap adjustability and superhydrophobicity. Based on their structure and properties, we review the status and development trends of CFx for use in chemical energy, lubrication and semiconductors in recent years in China. We discuss the industrialization of CFx in China and the main reasons for their limited use in civil fields, as well as the problems and future development opportunities of CFx, which suggests some practical applications.
2023, 38(1): 143-153.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60615-2
Abstract:
Hollow porous carbon fibers for Li-S battery electrodes were prepared by the KOH activation of carbon prepared from hollow polyacrylonitrile fibers. The fibers had a high specific surface area of 2 491 m2·g−1, a large pore volume of 1.22 cm3·g−1 and an initial specific capacity of 330 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1 C. To improve their electrochemical performance, the fibers were modified by treatment with hydrazine hydrate to prepare nitrogen-doped hollow porous carbon fibers with a specific surface area of 1 690 m2·g−1, a pore volume of 0.84 cm3·g−1 and a high nitrogen content of 8.81 at%. Because of the increased polarity and adsorption capacity produced by the nitrogen doping, the initial specific capacity of the fibers was increased to 420 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1 C.
Hollow porous carbon fibers for Li-S battery electrodes were prepared by the KOH activation of carbon prepared from hollow polyacrylonitrile fibers. The fibers had a high specific surface area of 2 491 m2·g−1, a large pore volume of 1.22 cm3·g−1 and an initial specific capacity of 330 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1 C. To improve their electrochemical performance, the fibers were modified by treatment with hydrazine hydrate to prepare nitrogen-doped hollow porous carbon fibers with a specific surface area of 1 690 m2·g−1, a pore volume of 0.84 cm3·g−1 and a high nitrogen content of 8.81 at%. Because of the increased polarity and adsorption capacity produced by the nitrogen doping, the initial specific capacity of the fibers was increased to 420 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1 C.
2023, 38(1): 154-161.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60649-8
Abstract:
Metal-nitrogen carbon catalysts have received great attention in the field of gas-evolving electrocatalysis due to their high activity, large specific surface area and efficient gas diffusion paths. A solution of porphyrin iron, g-C3N4 and polyacrylonitrile in N,N-dimethylformamide was sonicated and electrospun into doped polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (NFs), and the NFs were then stabilized and carbonized at 900 °C to prepare Fe-N/CNF catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It was found that the addition of g-C3N4 to the electrospinning precursor led to the formation of abundant Fe-N species in Fe3+ and Fe2+ valence states, while Fe3C nanoparticles were formed without adding g-C3N4. Compared to Fe3C/CNF prepared without g-C3N4, the Fe-N/CNF catalyst presents an 4e− improved oxygen reduction reaction activity in both alkaline and acidic media. Furthermore, as a cathode in Zn-air batteries, the Fe-N/CNF catalyst exhibits high performance with an open-circuit voltage of 1.49 V, a power density of 146 mW cm−2 and a specific capacity of 703 mAh g−1. This work suggests a way to prepare metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts for energy-related electrocatalytic applications.
Metal-nitrogen carbon catalysts have received great attention in the field of gas-evolving electrocatalysis due to their high activity, large specific surface area and efficient gas diffusion paths. A solution of porphyrin iron, g-C3N4 and polyacrylonitrile in N,N-dimethylformamide was sonicated and electrospun into doped polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (NFs), and the NFs were then stabilized and carbonized at 900 °C to prepare Fe-N/CNF catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It was found that the addition of g-C3N4 to the electrospinning precursor led to the formation of abundant Fe-N species in Fe3+ and Fe2+ valence states, while Fe3C nanoparticles were formed without adding g-C3N4. Compared to Fe3C/CNF prepared without g-C3N4, the Fe-N/CNF catalyst presents an 4e− improved oxygen reduction reaction activity in both alkaline and acidic media. Furthermore, as a cathode in Zn-air batteries, the Fe-N/CNF catalyst exhibits high performance with an open-circuit voltage of 1.49 V, a power density of 146 mW cm−2 and a specific capacity of 703 mAh g−1. This work suggests a way to prepare metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts for energy-related electrocatalytic applications.
2023, 38(1): 162-172.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60621-8
Abstract:
Cellulose extracted from corncobs, a bulk agricultural waste product, by a solvent at −12 °C, was composited with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with excellent light absorption properties to construct CNT/cellulose hydrogel composites. Taking advantage of the superior water retention ability and degradability of cellulose hydrogels, and the high-efficiency solar-thermal conversion performance, excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility of CNTs, CNT/cellulose hydrogel composites are used in water purification by interfacial solar-powered evaporation. The effects of the addition of CNTs on the solar energy absorption, mechanical properties and interfacial solar-thermal water evaporation efficiency of the composites were investigated. With an optimum CNT content of 0.2 wt.%, the composite had an average evaporation rate of ~1.52 kg m−2 h−1 and a solar-steam conversion efficiency of about 92%. After continuous evaporation in seawater for 8 h, the evaporation rate of the composite remained at about 1.37 kg m−2 h−1 without salt precipitation, indicating its strong resistance to salt. The quality of the purified water was superior to the WHO and EPA standards for drinking water. When the composite was used in concentrated acid/alkaline aqueous systems, dye wastewater and heavy metal ion polluted water, the evaporation rates remained in the range 1.30-1.40 kg m−2 h−1, and the solar-steam conversion efficiencies reached 80-86%. The retention rates for both organic pollutants and salt were as high as 99.9%, confirming the evaporation stability of the composite. This work indicates that an evaporator based on the composite has broad application prospects in the fields of seawater desalination and industrial wastewater purification.
Cellulose extracted from corncobs, a bulk agricultural waste product, by a solvent at −12 °C, was composited with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with excellent light absorption properties to construct CNT/cellulose hydrogel composites. Taking advantage of the superior water retention ability and degradability of cellulose hydrogels, and the high-efficiency solar-thermal conversion performance, excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility of CNTs, CNT/cellulose hydrogel composites are used in water purification by interfacial solar-powered evaporation. The effects of the addition of CNTs on the solar energy absorption, mechanical properties and interfacial solar-thermal water evaporation efficiency of the composites were investigated. With an optimum CNT content of 0.2 wt.%, the composite had an average evaporation rate of ~1.52 kg m−2 h−1 and a solar-steam conversion efficiency of about 92%. After continuous evaporation in seawater for 8 h, the evaporation rate of the composite remained at about 1.37 kg m−2 h−1 without salt precipitation, indicating its strong resistance to salt. The quality of the purified water was superior to the WHO and EPA standards for drinking water. When the composite was used in concentrated acid/alkaline aqueous systems, dye wastewater and heavy metal ion polluted water, the evaporation rates remained in the range 1.30-1.40 kg m−2 h−1, and the solar-steam conversion efficiencies reached 80-86%. The retention rates for both organic pollutants and salt were as high as 99.9%, confirming the evaporation stability of the composite. This work indicates that an evaporator based on the composite has broad application prospects in the fields of seawater desalination and industrial wastewater purification.
2023, 38(1): 173-189.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60606-1
Abstract:
An innovative and efficient method for preparation of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) was developed based on the dripping behavior and rheological properties of molten pitch during melt-spinning, where a string of beads was formed after the pitch was extruded from spinnerets and dropped into a receiving solvent (tetrohydrofuran or water). The pitch droplets were first carbonized, then activated by KOH or graphitized at 2800 °C to prepare A-MCMBs or G-MCMBs, respectively, and these were respectively used as the electrode materials for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Results showed that both MCMB-W prepared using water as the receiving solvent and MCMB-T prepared using tetrohydrofuran as the receiving solvent had a spherical shape with sizes of 1-2 μm. A-MCMB-T had a high specific surface area (1 391 m2 g−1), micropore volume (0.55 cm3 g−1) and mesopore volume (0.24 cm3 g−1), with a 30% higher specific capacitance than an activated mesophase carbon prepared under the same conditions, and its capacitance retention was significantly improved when it was used as an electrode material for EDLCs. G-MCMB-T had a high degree of graphitization (0.895) and when it was used as an electrode material for LIBs it had a high specific capacity of 353.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. This work reports a new preparation method for MCMBs, which could be used to prepare energy storage materials.
An innovative and efficient method for preparation of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) was developed based on the dripping behavior and rheological properties of molten pitch during melt-spinning, where a string of beads was formed after the pitch was extruded from spinnerets and dropped into a receiving solvent (tetrohydrofuran or water). The pitch droplets were first carbonized, then activated by KOH or graphitized at 2800 °C to prepare A-MCMBs or G-MCMBs, respectively, and these were respectively used as the electrode materials for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Results showed that both MCMB-W prepared using water as the receiving solvent and MCMB-T prepared using tetrohydrofuran as the receiving solvent had a spherical shape with sizes of 1-2 μm. A-MCMB-T had a high specific surface area (1 391 m2 g−1), micropore volume (0.55 cm3 g−1) and mesopore volume (0.24 cm3 g−1), with a 30% higher specific capacitance than an activated mesophase carbon prepared under the same conditions, and its capacitance retention was significantly improved when it was used as an electrode material for EDLCs. G-MCMB-T had a high degree of graphitization (0.895) and when it was used as an electrode material for LIBs it had a high specific capacity of 353.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. This work reports a new preparation method for MCMBs, which could be used to prepare energy storage materials.
2023, 38(1): 190-199.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60596-1
Abstract:
Li-Se batteries have risen to prominence as promising lithium-ion batteries thanks to their ultrahigh volumetric energy density and the high electrical conductivity of Se. However, the use of Li-Se batteries is limited not only by the large volume expansion and dissolution of polyselenides in the cathodes during cycling, but also the low selenium loading. A highly effective and currently feasible approach to simultaneously tackle these problems is to position the selenium in a carbon matrix with a sufficient pore volume to accommodate the expansion while increasing the interfacial interaction between the selenium and carbon. We have synthesized a novel cathode material (Se@HPC) for Li-Se batteries of a honeycomb 3D porous carbon derived from a tartrate salt, that was impregnated with Se to produce Se-C bonds. The pore volume of the honeycomb 3D porous carbon was as high as 1.794 cm3 g−1, which allowed 65 wt% selenium to be uniformly encapsulated. Moreover, the strong chemical bonds between selenium and carbon stabilize the selenium, thus inhibiting its huge volume expansion and the dissolution of polyselenides, and promoting charge transfer during cycling. As expected, a Se@HCP cathode has excellent cyclability and a good rate performance. After 200 cycles at 0.2 C, its specific capacity remains at 561 mA h g−1, 83% of the theoretical value, and decays by only 0.058% per cycle. It also has a large capacity of 472.8 mA h g−1 under a high current density of 5 C.
Li-Se batteries have risen to prominence as promising lithium-ion batteries thanks to their ultrahigh volumetric energy density and the high electrical conductivity of Se. However, the use of Li-Se batteries is limited not only by the large volume expansion and dissolution of polyselenides in the cathodes during cycling, but also the low selenium loading. A highly effective and currently feasible approach to simultaneously tackle these problems is to position the selenium in a carbon matrix with a sufficient pore volume to accommodate the expansion while increasing the interfacial interaction between the selenium and carbon. We have synthesized a novel cathode material (Se@HPC) for Li-Se batteries of a honeycomb 3D porous carbon derived from a tartrate salt, that was impregnated with Se to produce Se-C bonds. The pore volume of the honeycomb 3D porous carbon was as high as 1.794 cm3 g−1, which allowed 65 wt% selenium to be uniformly encapsulated. Moreover, the strong chemical bonds between selenium and carbon stabilize the selenium, thus inhibiting its huge volume expansion and the dissolution of polyselenides, and promoting charge transfer during cycling. As expected, a Se@HCP cathode has excellent cyclability and a good rate performance. After 200 cycles at 0.2 C, its specific capacity remains at 561 mA h g−1, 83% of the theoretical value, and decays by only 0.058% per cycle. It also has a large capacity of 472.8 mA h g−1 under a high current density of 5 C.
2023, 38(1): 200-210.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60609-7
Abstract:
Carbon-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are considered potential substitutes for the expensive platinum-based catalysts. Recently, transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbon materials (M-N-C) have attracted much attention from researchers due to their low cost and excellent activity. A cobalt- and nitrogen-co-doped porous carbon material (Co-N@CNT-C800) was prepared by the simple one-step pyrolysis of a star fruit-like MOF hybrid (ZIF-8@ZIF-67) at 800 °C. It consisted of CNTs with substantial Co and N co-doping and had a large surface area (428 m2·g−1). It had an excellent half-wave potential and good current density in alkaline media in the ORR with values of 0.841 V and 5.07 mA·cm−2, respectively. Compared with commercial Pt/C materials it also had excellent electrochemical stability and methanol tolerance. This research provides an effective way to fabricate low cost, high activity electrocatalysts for use in energy conversion.
Carbon-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are considered potential substitutes for the expensive platinum-based catalysts. Recently, transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbon materials (M-N-C) have attracted much attention from researchers due to their low cost and excellent activity. A cobalt- and nitrogen-co-doped porous carbon material (Co-N@CNT-C800) was prepared by the simple one-step pyrolysis of a star fruit-like MOF hybrid (ZIF-8@ZIF-67) at 800 °C. It consisted of CNTs with substantial Co and N co-doping and had a large surface area (428 m2·g−1). It had an excellent half-wave potential and good current density in alkaline media in the ORR with values of 0.841 V and 5.07 mA·cm−2, respectively. Compared with commercial Pt/C materials it also had excellent electrochemical stability and methanol tolerance. This research provides an effective way to fabricate low cost, high activity electrocatalysts for use in energy conversion.
2017, 32(2): 106-115.
摘要：
超级电容器具有高功率密度、长循环寿命、良好的低温使用性能和安全性的优点，已经广泛应用到电子产品、能量回收和储能等领域。电极材料和电解液是决定超级电容器性能的两大关键因素，超级电容器常用的电极材料包括碳质材料（活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭纤维、纳米洋葱碳等）、金属氧化物（金属氢氧化物）、导电聚合物及复合材料等；电解液主要有水系电解液、有机系电解液与离子液体。本文综述了超级电容器电极材料与电解液的研究现状，详细介绍了电极材料、电解液的性能及优缺点，并对新型电极材料和电解液的研究趋势提出展望。
超级电容器具有高功率密度、长循环寿命、良好的低温使用性能和安全性的优点，已经广泛应用到电子产品、能量回收和储能等领域。电极材料和电解液是决定超级电容器性能的两大关键因素，超级电容器常用的电极材料包括碳质材料（活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭纤维、纳米洋葱碳等）、金属氧化物（金属氢氧化物）、导电聚合物及复合材料等；电解液主要有水系电解液、有机系电解液与离子液体。本文综述了超级电容器电极材料与电解液的研究现状，详细介绍了电极材料、电解液的性能及优缺点，并对新型电极材料和电解液的研究趋势提出展望。
2015, 30(4): 349-356.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60194-9
摘要：
研究了不同掺量下氧化石墨烯(GO)对水泥石以及胶砂微观结构和力学性能的影响。含16.5%水的水泥浆、0.05%GO及3倍于水泥的沙子共混物作为添加剂制备成砂浆。通过SEM、液氮吸附仪和一系列标准实验分别对水泥石的微观形态、孔隙结构、抗压抗折强度以及水泥净浆的流动度、黏度、凝结时间进行表征;考察不同GO掺量下水泥水化放热的变化情况。结果表明:GO对水泥浆有显著增稠和促凝作用;GO的掺入可以有效降低水泥的水化放热量;GO对水泥石有显著的增强增韧效果,28天龄期时,GO质量分数为0.05%的水泥石,3、7和28 d抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加52.4%、46.5%、40.4%和86.1%、68.5%、90.5%,胶砂的抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加43.2%、33%、24.4%和69.4%、106.4%、70.5%;GO在水泥硬化过程中对水泥石中晶体产物的产生有促进作用并能规整晶体的排布而形成针状晶体簇,改善水泥石中的孔结构,降低水泥石中微孔的体积,增加水泥石的密实度,对水泥石有显著地增强增韧效果。
研究了不同掺量下氧化石墨烯(GO)对水泥石以及胶砂微观结构和力学性能的影响。含16.5%水的水泥浆、0.05%GO及3倍于水泥的沙子共混物作为添加剂制备成砂浆。通过SEM、液氮吸附仪和一系列标准实验分别对水泥石的微观形态、孔隙结构、抗压抗折强度以及水泥净浆的流动度、黏度、凝结时间进行表征;考察不同GO掺量下水泥水化放热的变化情况。结果表明:GO对水泥浆有显著增稠和促凝作用;GO的掺入可以有效降低水泥的水化放热量;GO对水泥石有显著的增强增韧效果,28天龄期时,GO质量分数为0.05%的水泥石,3、7和28 d抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加52.4%、46.5%、40.4%和86.1%、68.5%、90.5%,胶砂的抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加43.2%、33%、24.4%和69.4%、106.4%、70.5%;GO在水泥硬化过程中对水泥石中晶体产物的产生有促进作用并能规整晶体的排布而形成针状晶体簇,改善水泥石中的孔结构,降低水泥石中微孔的体积,增加水泥石的密实度,对水泥石有显著地增强增韧效果。
2015, 30(2): 97-105.
摘要：
C/C复合材料因优异的高温性能被认为是高温结构件的理想材料。然而,C/C复合材料在高温高速粒子冲刷环境下的氧化烧蚀问题严重制约其应用。因此,如何提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能显得尤为重要。笔者综述C/C复合材料抗烧蚀的研究现状。目前,提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的途径主要集中于优化炭纤维预制体结构、控制热解炭织构、基体中陶瓷掺杂改性和表面涂覆抗烧蚀涂层等4种方法。主要介绍以上4种方法的研究现状,重点介绍基体改性和抗烧蚀涂层的最新研究进展。其中,涂层和基体改性是提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的两种有效方法。未来C/C 复合材料抗烧蚀研究的潜在方向主要集中于降低制造成本、控制热解炭织构、优化掺杂的陶瓷相以及将基体改性和涂层技术相结合。
C/C复合材料因优异的高温性能被认为是高温结构件的理想材料。然而,C/C复合材料在高温高速粒子冲刷环境下的氧化烧蚀问题严重制约其应用。因此,如何提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能显得尤为重要。笔者综述C/C复合材料抗烧蚀的研究现状。目前,提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的途径主要集中于优化炭纤维预制体结构、控制热解炭织构、基体中陶瓷掺杂改性和表面涂覆抗烧蚀涂层等4种方法。主要介绍以上4种方法的研究现状,重点介绍基体改性和抗烧蚀涂层的最新研究进展。其中,涂层和基体改性是提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的两种有效方法。未来C/C 复合材料抗烧蚀研究的潜在方向主要集中于降低制造成本、控制热解炭织构、优化掺杂的陶瓷相以及将基体改性和涂层技术相结合。
2018, 33(4): 289-302.
摘要：
磷酸活化法是植物纤维原料制备活性炭的主要化学活化方法。笔者系统综述了磷酸活化过程中活性炭孔隙结构的调控机制。从化学的观点，笔者提出植物纤维原料的磷酸活化在本质上是磷酸-生物高分子复合体的形成与热处理两个过程。基于这一概念，分析了植物纤维原料的组成与结构、浸渍条件等因素对磷酸-生物高分子复合体的组成与结构的影响，全面总结了植物纤维原料种类与预处理、植物细胞壁结构和结晶度、浸渍比、浸渍方式、温度和时间等组成、结构与条件对磷酸法活性炭孔隙结构的形成与发展的影响规律。在磷酸-生物高分子热处理过程中，系统总结了炭化温度、升温速率与中间停留温度等加热历程、惰性气体、氧化性气体和水蒸气等气氛对磷酸活化法活性炭孔隙结构的影响规律。最后概述了氧化性气氛和氧化试剂对磷酸活化过程的影响机理，以及磷酸活化过程中固相炭化和气相炭化对活性炭孔隙结构发展的贡献。
磷酸活化法是植物纤维原料制备活性炭的主要化学活化方法。笔者系统综述了磷酸活化过程中活性炭孔隙结构的调控机制。从化学的观点，笔者提出植物纤维原料的磷酸活化在本质上是磷酸-生物高分子复合体的形成与热处理两个过程。基于这一概念，分析了植物纤维原料的组成与结构、浸渍条件等因素对磷酸-生物高分子复合体的组成与结构的影响，全面总结了植物纤维原料种类与预处理、植物细胞壁结构和结晶度、浸渍比、浸渍方式、温度和时间等组成、结构与条件对磷酸法活性炭孔隙结构的形成与发展的影响规律。在磷酸-生物高分子热处理过程中，系统总结了炭化温度、升温速率与中间停留温度等加热历程、惰性气体、氧化性气体和水蒸气等气氛对磷酸活化法活性炭孔隙结构的影响规律。最后概述了氧化性气氛和氧化试剂对磷酸活化过程的影响机理，以及磷酸活化过程中固相炭化和气相炭化对活性炭孔隙结构发展的贡献。
2015, 30(2): 106-114.
摘要：
评价了中国40多年来在航天、航空、光伏、粉末冶金、工业高温炉领域成功应用的针刺C/C,正交3D C/C、径编C/C、穿刺C/C、轴编C/C等五类C/C复合材料的物理、力学、热学、烧蚀、摩擦磨损、使用寿命等性能及特点,并与其他国家相应材料性能进行分析对比,为建立工程应用C/C复合材料共享的数据库平台奠定基础。揭示了炭纤维预制体、炭基体类型、界面结合状态与材料性能的关联度。指出炭纤维预制体结构单元精细化研究和其结构的梯度设计,以及炭基体的优化组合匹配技术,仍是C/C复合材料性能稳定化提升的重点研究方向。
评价了中国40多年来在航天、航空、光伏、粉末冶金、工业高温炉领域成功应用的针刺C/C,正交3D C/C、径编C/C、穿刺C/C、轴编C/C等五类C/C复合材料的物理、力学、热学、烧蚀、摩擦磨损、使用寿命等性能及特点,并与其他国家相应材料性能进行分析对比,为建立工程应用C/C复合材料共享的数据库平台奠定基础。揭示了炭纤维预制体、炭基体类型、界面结合状态与材料性能的关联度。指出炭纤维预制体结构单元精细化研究和其结构的梯度设计,以及炭基体的优化组合匹配技术,仍是C/C复合材料性能稳定化提升的重点研究方向。
2016, 31(2): 129-134.
摘要：
利用化学氧化还原法制备出石墨烯。通过原位聚合法及溶液混合法制备出石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料,考察不同复合材料制备方法对其机械性能及导电性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。结果表明,制备的石墨烯为二维的单层或寡层材料,加入到聚酰亚胺中能够增强其机械性能及电导率。相比溶液混合法,采用原位聚合法时石墨烯在聚酰亚胺基体中分散更均匀,对其团聚作用有更好的抑制作用,制备的复合材料性能更优异。采用该法加入石墨烯的量为1.0 wt%时,拉伸强度达到了132.5 MPa,提高了68.8%;加入量增加到3.0 wt%时,电导率达6.87×10-4S·m-1,提高了8个数量级,对聚酰亚胺的性能有显著的增强作用。
利用化学氧化还原法制备出石墨烯。通过原位聚合法及溶液混合法制备出石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料,考察不同复合材料制备方法对其机械性能及导电性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。结果表明,制备的石墨烯为二维的单层或寡层材料,加入到聚酰亚胺中能够增强其机械性能及电导率。相比溶液混合法,采用原位聚合法时石墨烯在聚酰亚胺基体中分散更均匀,对其团聚作用有更好的抑制作用,制备的复合材料性能更优异。采用该法加入石墨烯的量为1.0 wt%时,拉伸强度达到了132.5 MPa,提高了68.8%;加入量增加到3.0 wt%时,电导率达6.87×10-4S·m-1,提高了8个数量级,对聚酰亚胺的性能有显著的增强作用。
2016, 31(6): 574-584.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60033-1
摘要：
采用流变仪和激光共聚焦显微镜对不同氧化石墨烯（GO）掺量的新拌水泥浆体的流变参数以及浆体微观形态进行了定量化研究，并采用Modified-Bingham（M-B）模型和Herschel-Bulkley（H-B）模型对所测数据进行了拟合处理，提出了GO影响新拌水泥浆体的作用机理。结果表明，GO的掺入可以使新拌浆体中在减水剂作用下分散的水泥颗粒发生再次凝聚，形成重组絮凝结构，且随着GO掺量的增加，重组絮凝结构的数量越多，从而使得浆体流变性发生显著变化。一方面，新拌浆体的塑性粘度、屈服应力以及触变性随GO掺量的提高而显著增加。另一方面，GO的掺入提高了新拌浆体的临界剪切速率，使其在较大剪切速率下的流变行为仍然表现为剪切变稀；降低了浆体的剪切增稠程度，提高了浆体的稳定性。
采用流变仪和激光共聚焦显微镜对不同氧化石墨烯（GO）掺量的新拌水泥浆体的流变参数以及浆体微观形态进行了定量化研究，并采用Modified-Bingham（M-B）模型和Herschel-Bulkley（H-B）模型对所测数据进行了拟合处理，提出了GO影响新拌水泥浆体的作用机理。结果表明，GO的掺入可以使新拌浆体中在减水剂作用下分散的水泥颗粒发生再次凝聚，形成重组絮凝结构，且随着GO掺量的增加，重组絮凝结构的数量越多，从而使得浆体流变性发生显著变化。一方面，新拌浆体的塑性粘度、屈服应力以及触变性随GO掺量的提高而显著增加。另一方面，GO的掺入提高了新拌浆体的临界剪切速率，使其在较大剪切速率下的流变行为仍然表现为剪切变稀；降低了浆体的剪切增稠程度，提高了浆体的稳定性。
2016, 31(3): 352-362.
摘要：
碳纳米管优异的物理性质和可调的化学组成使其拥有广泛的应用前景。采用低温过程在碳骨架中引入磷原子预期带来可调的化学特性。本研究采用170℃下水热处理碳纳米管-磷酸混合物获得磷掺杂的碳纳米管。磷掺杂的碳管的磷含量为1.66%,比表面积为132 m2/g,热失重峰在纯氧环境下提升至694℃。当掺磷碳纳米管用于氧还原反应时,其起始电位为-0.20 V,电子转移数为2.60,反应电流显著高于无掺杂的碳纳米管。当其用作锂硫电池正极导电材料时,电极的起始容量为1106 mAh/g,电流密度从0.1 C提升至1 C时容量保留率为80%,100次循环的衰减率为每圈0.25%。
碳纳米管优异的物理性质和可调的化学组成使其拥有广泛的应用前景。采用低温过程在碳骨架中引入磷原子预期带来可调的化学特性。本研究采用170℃下水热处理碳纳米管-磷酸混合物获得磷掺杂的碳纳米管。磷掺杂的碳管的磷含量为1.66%,比表面积为132 m2/g,热失重峰在纯氧环境下提升至694℃。当掺磷碳纳米管用于氧还原反应时,其起始电位为-0.20 V,电子转移数为2.60,反应电流显著高于无掺杂的碳纳米管。当其用作锂硫电池正极导电材料时,电极的起始容量为1106 mAh/g,电流密度从0.1 C提升至1 C时容量保留率为80%,100次循环的衰减率为每圈0.25%。
2016, 31(6): 555-567.
摘要：
随着石墨烯低成本宏量制备技术的突破，石墨烯的工业化应用进程已引起人们广泛关注。本文介绍了石墨烯在聚合物基复合材料领域的研究进展，侧重阐述石墨烯/聚合物复合材料在力学增强、导电/导热网络构建、防腐阻燃等方面的代表性研究成果，同时对商业化石墨烯产品及其复合材料应用进行了简单评述，探讨了石墨烯/聚合物复合材料领域目前存在的主要问题及未来发展趋势。
随着石墨烯低成本宏量制备技术的突破，石墨烯的工业化应用进程已引起人们广泛关注。本文介绍了石墨烯在聚合物基复合材料领域的研究进展，侧重阐述石墨烯/聚合物复合材料在力学增强、导电/导热网络构建、防腐阻燃等方面的代表性研究成果，同时对商业化石墨烯产品及其复合材料应用进行了简单评述，探讨了石墨烯/聚合物复合材料领域目前存在的主要问题及未来发展趋势。
2017, 32(5): 442-450.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60133-1
摘要：
以新疆不粘煤为原料，三聚氰胺为氮源，硼酸为硼源，通过球磨和后续活化过程合成硼，氮掺杂及硼氮共掺杂煤基活性炭。氮吸附结果显示杂原子掺杂可提高活性炭中介孔的含量。红外和X光电子能谱结果显示，硼、氮原子存在于炭骨架中。循环伏安，恒流充放电及电化学阻抗分析说明硼、氮掺杂活性炭的电化学性能优于非掺杂活性炭。其中，硼氮共掺杂活性炭具有176 F·g-1的高比容量。循环20 000次容量保持率为96%。共掺杂活性炭优异的电化学性能归因于硼氮的协同作用。
以新疆不粘煤为原料，三聚氰胺为氮源，硼酸为硼源，通过球磨和后续活化过程合成硼，氮掺杂及硼氮共掺杂煤基活性炭。氮吸附结果显示杂原子掺杂可提高活性炭中介孔的含量。红外和X光电子能谱结果显示，硼、氮原子存在于炭骨架中。循环伏安，恒流充放电及电化学阻抗分析说明硼、氮掺杂活性炭的电化学性能优于非掺杂活性炭。其中，硼氮共掺杂活性炭具有176 F·g-1的高比容量。循环20 000次容量保持率为96%。共掺杂活性炭优异的电化学性能归因于硼氮的协同作用。
2012, 27(05): 321-336.
Abstract:
2011, 26(01): 71-80.
Abstract:
Editor-in-Chief： Chun-xiang Lu, Ph.D
Charged by：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Published by：Science Press, Elsevier
CN 14-1407/TQ
ISSN 2097-1605
eISSN 1872-5805
Since 1985 Bimonthly
CiteScore: 3.5
IF: 3.70
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