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Ablation behaviour and mechanical performance of ZrB2-ZrC-SiC modified carbon/carbon composites prepared by vacuum filtration combined with reactive melt infiltration
ZHANG Jia-ping, SU Xiao-xuan, LI Xin-gang, WANG Run-ning, FU Qian-gang
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60841-3
Abstract(92) HTML(65) PDF(32)
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The development of advanced aircrafts relies on high performance thermal-structural materials and composites of carbon/carbon (C/C) with ultrahigh-temperature ceramics are ideal candidates. However, traditional routes of compositing are either inefficient and expensive or lead to non-uniform distribution of ceramics in the matrix. Here, vacuum filtration of ZrB2 was successfully applied to introduce ZrB2-ZrC-SiC into C/C as a supplement for reactive melt infiltration ZrSi2, which contributed to the content increase and uniform distribution of the introduced ceramic phases. The mass and linear ablation rates of the composites were reduced by 68.9% and 29.7%, respectively, compared to those of C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared through reactive melt infiltration. The ablation performance was improved because of the volatilization of B2O3, taking a part of the heat away, and more uniformly distributed ZrO2 that could promote the formation of ZrO2-SiO2 continuous protective layer. This efficiently resisted the mechanical denudation and hindered the oxygen infiltration.
A potent assistor of firm MoO2/MoS2 heterojunction for high-rate and ultralong-life lithium/sodium storage
ZHANG Chun-hui, ZHANG Jia-yuan, ZHAN Jie-yang, YU jian, FAN Lin-lin, YANG An-ping, LIU hong, GAO Guang-gang
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60845-0
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It is imperative to design the suitable anode materials of both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with high-rate performance and ultralong cycling life. Herein, we fabricate a MoO2/MoS2 heterostructure that is homogeneously distributed in N,S-doped carbon nanofibers (MoO2/MoS2@NSC) by electrospinning technique and sulfuration engineering. The one-dimensional carbon fiber skeleton serves as a conductive frame to decrease the diffusion pathway of Li+/Na+. The doping of N/S heteroatoms in carbon fibers creates abundant active sites and significantly enhances ion diffusion kinetics. Moreover, the in situ formation of MoS2 nanosheets on the MoO2 phase bulk intensifies the heterointerface, and the construction of heterointerface between MoO2 and MoS2 enables the fast Li+/Na+ transport, which is crucial for achieving the high efficiency energy storage. Consequently, as the anode for LIBs, MoO2/MoS2@NSC delivers fantabulous cycle stability of 640 mAh g−1 upon 2000 cycles under 5.0 A g−1 with an ultralow average capacity drop rate of 0.002% per cycle and exceptional rate capability of 614 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1. In SIBs, it still renders the significantly enhanced electrochemical performance (reversible capacity of 242 mAh g−1 under 2.0 A g−1 upon 2000 loops and 261 mAh g−1 under 5.0 A g−1). The current work exploits a novel interface manipulation strategy to rationally develop anode materials, achieving rapid Li+/Na+ storage kinetics and durable cycling performance.
Carbon electrodes for electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide: A mini-review
HUANG Xian-huai, YANG Xin-ke, GUI Ling, LIU Shao-gen, WANG Kun, RONG Hong-wei, WEI Wei
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60846-2
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Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction by a two-electron pathway enables the instantaneous synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, which is far superior to the conventional anthraquinone process. In recent years, the electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using carbon electrodes has attracted more and more attention due to its excellent catalytic performance and superior stability. In this paper, the relationship between material modification, wettability adjustment and the rate of hydrogen peroxide synthesis, service life is considered together with the three-phase interface. The structure of carbon electrodes and the principle of electrocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis are first introduced. Then, four main catalysts are reviewed, namely, monolithic carbon materials, metal-free catalysts, noble metal catalysts and non-precious metal catalysts. The effects of metal anode and electrolyte on the three-phase interface are described. Next, the relationship between carbon electrode wettability and the three-phase interface is described, pointing out that modification focusing on the improvement of the selectivity of the two-electron pathway can also impact electrode wettability. In addition, the relationship between the rational design of the components in the electrochemical system and the enhancement of the efficient of hydrogen peroxide synthesis at carbon electrodes is also discussed. Finally, we present our viewpoints on the current problems in the electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide at carbon electrodes and future research directions.
A review of metal oxide-carbon composite materials for shuttle effect inhibition in lithium-sulfur batteries
ZHOU Zhi-qiang, WANG Hui-min, YANG Lu-bin, MA Cheng, WANG Ji-tong, QIAO Wen-ming, LING Li-cheng
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60838-3
Abstract(85) HTML(31) PDF(22)
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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are among the most promising next-generation electrochemical energy-storage systems due to their exceptional theoretical specific capacity, inexpensive production cost and environmental friendliness. However, the poor conductivity of S and Li2S, severe polysulfides shuttling and sluggish redox kinetics of phase transformation greatly hinder the practical commercialization of Li-S batteries. Carbonaceous materials could potentially rescue Li-S batteries from this predicament by leveraging the inherently high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and structural diversity. However, non-polar carbon materials are unable to interact closely with highly polar polysulfides, resulting in a low sulfur utilization and serious shuttle effect. Due to the advantages of strong polarity and rich adsorption sites of transition metal oxides (TMOs), integrating TMOs with carbon-based materials (CM) is essential to enhance chemical adsorption and electrochemical reaction activity for lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this review, first, the working principles and main challenges in Li-S batteries are discussed followed by the recent research progress of ex-situ and in-situ synthesis strategies of TMOs-CM. Subsequently, the overall structural construction of TMOs-CM with different dimensionalities from 1D to 3D are reviewed. Moreover, the representative works and working mechanisms of modulation strategies including heterostructures design, vacancies engineering and facets manipulating are overviewed in detail. Finally, an outlook of TMOs-CM in Li-S batteries is proposed based on the review's conclusions.
N-doped hollow carbon nanospheres embedded in N-doped graphene forming a three-dimensional interconnected layered porous support loaded with palladium nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation
FANG Yue, YANG Fu-kai, QU Wei-li, DENG Chao, WANG Zhen-bo
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60844-9
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The efficient electrocatalysts with low cost, high activity and good durability plays a crucial role in the application of direct formic acid fuel cells. Herein, Pd nanoparticles supported on N-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NHCN) embedded in N-doped graphene (NG) with three-dimensional (3D) layered porous configuration by a simple and economical method were investigated as direct formic acid fuel cell catalysts. Owing to the unique 3D interconnected layered porous configuration doped with nitrogen atoms, Pd/NHCN@NG catalyst with smaller Pd nanoparticle size shows large catalytic active surface area, superior electrocatalytic activity, high steady-state current density, strong ability to resist CO poisoning, far surpassing those of conventional Pd/C, Pd/NG, and Pd/NHCN catalysts for formic acid electrooxidation. By optimizing the HCN/GO ratio, it is found that when the HCN/GO mass ratio is 1∶1, Pd/NHCN@NG catalyst has the most outstanding performance in catalytic oxidation of formic acid, with an activity 4.21 times that of Pd/C. This work has developed a superior carbon-based support material for electrocatalysts, which brings broad application prospects for the development of fuel cells.
Polyimide-assisted fabrication of highly oriented graphene-based all-carbon foams for enhancing thermal conductivity in polymer composites
XIONG Ke, SUN Zhi-peng, HU Ji-chen, MA Cheng, WANG Ji-tong, GE Xiang, QIAO Wen-ming, LING Li-cheng
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60835-8
Abstract(55) HTML(21) PDF(19)
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Graphene often tends to be horizontally oriented during processing owing to its two-dimensional layer structure with a high aspect ratio. As a consequence, thermal interface materials (TIM) composed of polymer and graphene often have elevated in-plane (IP) thermal conductivities (K), however, the restricted TP conductivity (K) renders them less favorable for practical implementations. This study presents the development of vertically aligned skeletons of high-quality polyimide/graphite nanosheets (PG) in order to enhance the TP K of polymer-based composites using a straightforward directional freezing technique. Notably, the graphene-based graphite nanosheets (GNs) are obtained by crushing from highly thermally conductive graphene film scraps. Water-soluble polyamic acid salt solution is used for direct dispersion of hydrophobic GNs fillers to achieve directional freezing. The polyimide, which facilitated the directional alignment of GNs, underwent graphitization and was subsequently transformed to graphite. Moreover, the introduction of GNs enhances the orderliness and density of the PG, thus further improving the strength and heat performance of its polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The obtained PDMS/PG composite (PG: 21.1%, mass fraction) exhibits an impressive TP K of 14.56 W·m−1·K−1, 81 times that of pure PDMS. This facile polyimide-assisted graphene alignment method provides ideas for the widespread fabrication of anisotropic TIM and enables the reuse of graphene film scraps.
Graphdiyne: A novel material for synthesizing effective adsorbents for aqueous contaminants
Gaurav Sharma, Yaksha Verma, Amit Kumar, Pooja Dhiman, WANG Tong-tong, Florian J. Stadler
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60830-9
Abstract(119) HTML(22) PDF(37)
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A nascent two-dimensional (2D) carbon molecule called graphdiyne (GDY) has gained prominence recently and is expected to have supplications in the expulsion of contaminants from aqueous medium. GDY demonstrates superior conjugation, peculiar and tunable electronic properties, and exceptional chemical and thermal endurance because it is the framework of sp and sp2 hybridized carbon atoms that are combined to produce benzene rings and diacetylenic bonds in a two-dimensional symmetrical network. GDY’s molecular chemistry encompasses carbon-carbon triple bonds, along with its regular distribution of triangle pores in structure, which provides reaction sites and various reaction pathways. Here, GDY is considered to exhibits an adsorption phenomenon this can serve as an adsorbent, demonstrating excellent efficiency for the removal of oil, organic pollutants, dyes, and metals from contaminated water. There is limited evidence of GDY being used as an adsorbent in the literature review. This review's objective is to offer a modern perspective on the application of GDY as an adsorbent material.
N, S co-doped coal-based hard carbon prepared by two-step carbonization and melting salt template method for sodium storage
NIU Hui-zhu, WANG Hai-hua, SUN Li-yu, YANG Chen-rong, WANG Yu, CAO Rui, YANG Cun-guo, WANG Jie, SHU Ke-wei
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60842-5
Abstract(80) HTML(91) PDF(22)
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Hard carbon, known for its abundant resources, stable structure and high safety, has emerged as the most popular anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Among various sources, coal-derived hard carbon has attracted extensive attention. In this work, N and S co-doped coal-based carbon material (NSPC1200) was synthesized through a combination of two-step carbonization process and heteroatom doping using long-flame coal as a carbon source, thiourea as a nitrogen and sulfur source, and NaCl as a template. The two-step carbonization process played a crucial role in adjusting the structure of carbon microcrystals and expanding the interlayer spacing. The N and S co-doping regulated the electronic structure of carbon materials, endowing more active sites. Additionally, the introduction of NaCl as a template contributed to the construction of pore structure, which facilitates better contact between electrodes and electrolytes, enabling more efficient transport of Na+ and electrons. Under the synergistic effect, NSPC1200 exhibited exceptional sodium storage capacity, reaching 314.2 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1. Furthermore, NSPC1200 demonstrated commendable cycling stability, maintaining a capacity of 224.4 mAh g−1 even after 200 cycles. This work successfully achieves the strategic tuning of the microstructure of coal-based carbon materials, ultimately obtaining hard carbon anode with excellent electrochemical performance.
Research progress of graphene-based materials in electromagnetic-shielding applications
YANG Shang-juan, CAO Yun, HE Yan-bing, LV Wei
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60840-1
Abstract(82) HTML(68) PDF(21)
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The development of communication technology has brought immense convenience to human life. Simultaneously, the detrimental effects caused by electromagnetic radiation have also gained widespread attention. Consequently, there is a growing research focus on electromagnetic shielding materials that possess a wide shielding range, high absorption efficiency, and stability. Graphene, as a lightweight material with exceptional conductivity, large specific surface area, and high tunability, exhibits remarkable potential in these applications. This work aims to elucidate the fundamental principles of electromagnetic shielding and the structural characteristics of graphene-based materials while highlighting their unique electromagnetic shielding properties. Additionally, this study provides an overview of common strategies for graphene-based materials including structural regulation, heteroatom doping, and composite material construction to enhance their application in electromagnetic shielding. Structural regulation proves advantageous in improving absorption loss and multiple reflection loss towards electromagnetic waves; heteroatom doping and composite material construction are beneficial for interface polarization and magnetic loss in graphene-based materials, thereby strengthening the conductivity loss of electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, this work summarizes various modification methods for graphene-based electromagnetic shielding materials to inspire the development of materials with lightweight and high shielding bandwidth capabilities with the aim of inspiring the development of the materials with lightweight yet high shielding bandwidth capabilities.
Deview of three-dimensional monolithic carbon-based materials with high photothermal conversion efficiency for solar vapor generation
HAN Yue, ZHANG Peng, ZHAO Xiao-ming
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60827-9
Abstract(172) HTML(139) PDF(34)
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In recent years, photothermal-driven desalination technology is regarded as one of the most promising methods to solve the global crisis of freshwater resource scarcity. As the core process of seawater desalination, solar vapor generation (SVG) is a key to the energy conversion efficiency of the photothermal desalination, which features the sustainable energy utilization from solar energy, simple equipment and high cost-benefit. Among alternative photothermal conversion materials for SVG system, three-dimensional monolithic carbon-based materials have many advantages, including low cost, good structural tunability, and high light-harvesting efficiency and evaporation rate. Henein, three-dimensional monolithic carbon-based materials with high photothermal conversion efficiency are reviewed and investigated their application in the interface SVG. This review firstly introduces the working mechanism of SVG and classification of SVG materials. Subsequently, various three-dimensional monolithic carbon materials are classified, and described in detail, including the design principle, preparation strategy and working mechanism in SVG. Finally, both advantages and disadvantages of three-dimensional monolithic carbon materials with high photothermal conversion efficiency is concluded to inspire and guide the possible study and development of next-generation photothermal conversion materials in the future.
A highly efficient absorptive and catalytic self-supporting Fe2O3/CC host for high performance Li-S batteries
TIAN Zhen, XUE Lei-lei, DING Hong-yuan
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60825-5
Abstract(33) HTML(26) PDF(9)
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Lithium−sulfur (Li-S) battery is a promising energy storage system due to its high energy density and low-budget. However, shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and low conductivity of S cathode impede its practical application. Herein, Fe2O3 was grown on carbon cloth (Fe2O3/CC) via a solvothermal reaction and calcination to obtain a Li-S cathode. The mesoporous structure of Fe2O3 and conducting network of CC facilitates lithium-ion and electron transport. Meanwhile, the nanorods arrangement results in the exposure of more Fe2O3 active sites, which can promote efficient adsorption and rapidly conversion of LiPSs. As a result, a Li–S cell using Fe2O3/CC cathode has a high capacity of 1250 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and an excellent cycling life of over 100 cycles with a capacity decay of 37%, as well as 70% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 0.2 C. The excellent electrochemical performances of the Fe2O3/CC cathode demonstrate great potential applications in Li-S batteries.
Electrode for microsupercapacitors based on MoS2 modified reduced graphene oxide aerogels achieved by 3D printing
WANG Meng-ya, LI Shi-you, GAO Can-kun, FAN Xiao-qi, QUAN Yin, LI Xiao-hua, LI Chun-lei, ZHANG Ning-shuang
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60823-1
Abstract(70) HTML(71) PDF(16)
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Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) have garnered significant interest thanks to their high power density and excellent cyclic performance, offering a broad array of potential applications. However, preparing MSCs electrodes with extremely high areal capacitance and energy density remains a challenging pursuit. In this study, reduced graphene oxide aerogel (GA) and MoS2 were used as active materials, combined with 3D printing and surface modification methods, to construct MSCs electrodes with ultra-high area capacitance and energy density. Through 3D printing technology, we obtained electrodes with stable macro structure and GA crosslinked micropore structure. In addition, we used the solution method to load molybdenum disulfide nanosheets on the surface of the 3D printed electrode, further improving the electrochemical performance. The surface capacitance of the prepared electrode reached 3.99 F cm−2, the power density was 194 µW cm−2, and the energy density was 1997 mWh cm−2, attesting the excellent electrochemical performance and cycle stability. This work provides a simple and efficient method for preparing MSC electrodes with high areal capacitance and energy density, making them ideal for portable electronic devices. This research holds crucial innovative significance in the field of MSCs electrodes.
Improving the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers by regulating spinning temperature in an industrial spinning equipment
YE Gao-ming, SHI Kui, WU Huang, HUANG Dong, YE Chong, OUYANG Ting, ZHU Shi-peng, FAN Zhen, LIU Hong-bo, LIU Jin-shui
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60826-7
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The mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers (MPCFs) were prepared by controlling the spinning temperature under a constant extrusion flowrate of pitch in an industrial equipment to investigate the influence of the spinning temperature on their microstructures, mechanical properties and thermal conductivities. Results show that the graphite layer of MPCFs shifts from a fine-and-folded radial-split structure to a large-and-flat radial-split structure and exhibits an improved perfection of graphite microcrystallites with increasing the spinning temperature from 309 to 320 °C. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of MPCFs increase, respectively, from 704 W·m−1·K−1 and 2.16 GPa at 309 °C to 1078 W·m−1·K−1 and 3.23 GPa at 320 °C. The lower viscosity and the weaker die-swell effect of mesophase pitch at the outlets of spinnerets at the higher spinning temperature contribute to the improved orientation of mesophase pitch molecules in the pitch fibers, which plays a positive role in improving the crystal size and orientation of MPCFs.
Oxidation reaction mechanism and kinetics of ethylene tar for preparation of carbonaceous precursor
GUO Tian-rui, CHEN Rong-qi, GAO Wei, WANG Yan-li, ZHAN Liang
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60597-3
Abstract(320) HTML(279) PDF(102)
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To obtain excellent carbonaceous precursors, the oxidation reaction mechanism and kinetics of ethylene tar were investigated. Meanwhile, a high softening point pitch was produced to apply to the coating modification of the graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries. The oxidation process of ethylene tar was divided into 3 stages (350-550, 550-700 and 700-900 K) according to the thermogravimetric curve. To reveal the oxidation reaction mechanism of ethylene tar, the components of the evolved gases at different stages were further analyzed online by mass spectrometry and infrared technology. Then, based on the thermogravimetric curve of ethylene tar at different reaction temperatures, the whole reaction process was divided into four parts to perform kinetics simulation calculations. With the help of the iso-conversional method (Coats-Redfern) to analyze the linear regression rates (R2) between 17 common reaction kinetics models and experimental data, the optimal reaction kinetics model for expressing the oxidation process of ethylene tar was determined. The results show that: 1) In the oxidation process, the side chains of aromatic compounds react with oxygen to form alcohols and aldehydes first, leaving peroxy-radicals to aromatic rings. Subsequently, the aromatic compounds with peroxy-radicals undergo polymerization/condensation reactions to form larger molecules. 2) The fourth-order reaction model is adopted to describe the first 3 parts of the oxidation process, and the activation energies are 47.330, 18.689 and 9.004 kJ·mol−1, respectively. The three-dimensional diffusion model is applied to the fourth part of the oxidation process, and the activation energy is 88.369 kJ·mol−1. 3) After the coating modification, the capacity retention rate grows from 51.54% to 79.07% after 300 cycles.
Wet-composition-induced amorphous adhesion toward a high interfacial shear strength between carbon fiber and polyetherketoneketone
ZHANG Feng, LI Bo-lan, JIAO Meng-xiao, LI Yan-bo, WANG Xin, YANG Yu, YANG Yu-qiu, ZHANG Xiao-hua
 doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(22)60646-2
Abstract(344) HTML(222) PDF(51)
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Interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber (CF) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a key factor that affects the mechanical performances of their composites. Therefore, it is of great importance to impregnate PEKK into CF bundles as efficiently as possible. Here we report that owing to the high dissolubility, PEKK can be introduced onto CF surfaces via a wet strategy. The excellent wettability of PEKK guarantees a full covering and tight binding on CFs, making it possible to evaluate the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) with the microdroplet method. Furthermore, the interior of CF bundles can be completely and uniformly filled with PEKK by the solution impregnation, leading to a high interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The maximum IFSS and ILSS can reach 107.8 and 99.3 MPa, respectively. Such superior shear properties are ascribed to the formation of amorphous PEKK confined in the limited spacing between CFs.
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2024, 39(1): 1-2.  
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2024, 39(1): 1-1.  
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2024, 39(1): 1-5.  
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Reviews
Carbon-based electrocatalysts for water splitting at high-current-densities: A review
CHEN Yu-xiang, ZHAO Xiu-hui, DONG Peng, ZHANG Ying-jie, ZOU Yu-qin, WANG Shuang-yin
2024, 39(1): 1-16.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60831-0
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Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising strategy to generate hydrogen using renewable energy under mild conditions. Carbon-based materials have attracted attention in electrocatalytic water splitting because of their distinctive features such as high specific area, high electron mobility and abundant natural resources. Hydrogen produced by industrial electrocatalytic water splitting in a large quantity requires electrocatalysis at a low overpotential at a large current density. Substantial efforts focused on fundamental research have been made, while much less attention has been paid to the high-current-density test. There are many distinct differences in electrocatalysis to split water using low and high current densities such as the bubble phenomenon, local environment around active sites, and stability. Recent research progress on carbon-based electrocatalysts for water splitting at low and high current densities is summarized, significant challenges and prospects for carbon-based electrocatalysts are discussed, and promising strategies are proposed.
Defect engineering of carbon-based electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction: A review
LU Yan-kun, CHENG Bai-xue, ZHAN Hao-yu, ZHOU Peng
2024, 39(1): 17-41.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60833-4
Abstract(115) HTML(47) PDF(47)
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Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is an important way to achieve carbon neutrality by converting CO2 into high-value-added chemicals using electric energy. Carbon-based materials are widely used in various electrochemical reactions, including electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, due to their low cost and high activity. In recent years, defect engineering has attracted wide attention by constructing asymmetric defect centers in the materials, which can optimize the physicochemical properties of the material and improve its electrocatalytic activity. This review summarizes the types, methods of formation and defect characterization techniques of defective carbon-based materials. The advantages of defect engineering and the advantages and disadvantages of various defect formation methods and characterization techniques are also evaluated. Finally, the challenges of using defective carbon-based materials in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are investigated and opportunities for their use are discussed. It is believed that this review will provide suggestions and guidance for developing defective carbon-based materials for CO2 reduction.
Carbon-based metal-free nanomaterials for the electrosynthesis of small-molecule chemicals: A review
SHI Lei, LI Yan-zhe, YIN Hua-jie, ZHAO Shen-long
2024, 39(1): 42-63.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60836-X
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Electrocatalysis is a key component of many clean energy technologies that has the potential to store renewable electricity in chemical form. Currently, noble metal-based catalysts are most widely used for improving the conversion efficiency of reactants during the electrocatalytic process. However, drawbacks such as high cost and poor stability seriously hinder their large-scale use in this process and in sustainable energy devices. Carbon-based metal-free catalysts (CMFCs) have received growing attention due to their enormous potential for improving the catalytic performance. This review gives a concise comprehensive overview of recent developments in CMFCs for electrosynthesis. First, the fundamental catalytic mechanisms and design strategies of CMFCs are presented and discussed. Then, a brief overview of various electrosynthesis processes, including the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, chlorine, as well as various carbon- and nitrogen-based compounds is given. Finally, current challenges and prospects for CMFCs are highlighted.
A review of carbon-based catalysts and catalyst supports for simultaneous organic electro-oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions
WANG Zhi-dong, XIA Tian, LI Zhen-hua, SHAO Ming-fei
2024, 39(1): 64-77.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60829-2
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Producing organic electro-oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) simultaneously in an electrolytic cell is an appealing method for generating valuable chemicals at the anode while also producing H2 at the cathode. Within this framework, the task of designing energy-saving electrocatalysts with high selectivity and stability is a considerable challenge. Carbon-based catalysts, along with their supports, have emerged as promising candidates due to their diverse sources, large specific surface area, high porosity and multidimensional characteristics. This review summarizes progress from 2012 to 2022, in the use of carbon-based catalysts and their supports for organic electrooxidation and HER. It delves into outer-sphere electrooxidation mechanisms involving molecule-mediated oxidation and oxidative radical coupling reactions, as well as inner-sphere electrooxidation mechanisms, encompassing both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The review also explores prospective research directions within this domain, addressing various aspects such as the design of electrocatalytic materials, the study of the relationship between the structure and properties of electrocatalysts, as well as examining their potential industrial applications.
MOF-derived nanocarbon materials for electrochemical catalysis and their advanced characterization
CHEN Xi, LI Ming-xuan, Yan Jin-lun, Zhang Long-li
2024, 39(1): 78-99.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60828-0
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Because of the demand for clean and sustainable energy sources, nanocarbons, modified carbons and their composite materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as distinct catalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. These materials not only inherit the advantages of MOFs, like customizable dopants and structural diversity, but also effectively prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides during pyrolysis. Consequently, they increase the electrocatalytic efficiency, improve electrical conductivity, and may play a pivotal role in green energy technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. This review first explores the carbonization mechanism of the MOF-derived carbon-based materials, and then considers 3 key aspects: intrinsic carbon defects, metal and non-metal atom doping, and the synthesis strategies for these materials. We also provide a comprehensive introduction to advanced characterization techniques to better understand the basic electrochemical catalysis processes, including mapping techniques for detecting localized active sites on electrocatalyst surfaces at the micro- to nano-scale and in-situ spectroscopy. Finally, we offer insights into future research concerning their use as electrocatalysts. Our primary objective is to provide a clearer perspective on the current status of MOF-derived carbon-based electrocatalysts and encourage the development of more efficient materials.
Graphene-based CO2 reduction electrocatalysts: A review
WU Ze-lin, WANG Cong-wei, ZHANG Xiao-xiang, GUO Quan-gui, WANG Jun-ying
2024, 39(1): 100-130.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60839-5
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The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) by electrochemical methods for the production of fuels and value-added chemicals is an effective strategy for overcoming the global warming problem. Due to the stable molecular structure of CO2, the design of highly selective, energy-efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts is key. For this reason, graphene and its derivatives are competitive for CO2 electroreduction with their unique and excellent physical, mechanical and electrical properties and relatively low cost. In addition, the surface of graphene-based materials can be modified using different methods, including doping, defect engineering, production of composite structures and wrapped shapes. We first review the fundamental concepts and criteria for evaluating electrochemical CO2 reduction, as well as the catalytic principles and processes. Methods for preparing graphene-based catalysts are briefly introduced, and recent research on them is summarized according to the categories of the catalytic sites. Finally, the future development direction of CO2 electroreduction technology is discussed.

Research articles
Bismuth nanoparticles anchored on N-doped graphite felts to give stable and efficient iron-chromium redox flow batteries
CHE Hang-xin, GAO Yu-fei, YANG Jia-hui, HONG Song, HAO Lei-duan, XU Liang, Sana Taimoor, Alex W. Robertson, SUN Zhen-yu
2024, 39(1): 131-141.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60837-1
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Iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs) use abundant and inexpensive chromium and iron as the active substances in the electrolyte and have great potential as a cost-effective and large-scale energy storage system. However, they are still plagued by several issues, such as the low electrochemical activity of Cr3+/Cr2+ and the occurrence of the undesired hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We report the synthesis of amorphous bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on N-doped graphite felts (GFs) by a combined self-polymerization and wet-chemistry reduction strategy followed by annealing, which are used as the negative electrodes for ICRFBs. The resulting Bi NPs react with H+ to form intermediates and greatly inhibit the parasitic HER. In addition, the combined effect of Bi and N dopants on the surface of GF dramatically increases the electrochemical activity of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cr3+/Cr2+, reduces the charge transfer resistance, and increases the mass transfer rate compared to plain GF. At the optimum Bi/N ratio of 2, a high coulombic efficiency of up to 97.7% is maintained even for 25 cycles at different current densities, the energy efficiency reaches 85.8% at 60.0 mA cm−2, exceeding many other reported materials, and the capacity reaches 862.7 mAh L−1 after 100 cycles, which is about 5.3 times that of bare GF.
A Co3O4/graphdiyne heterointerface for efficient ammonia production from nitrates
CHEN Zhao-yang, ZHAO Shu-ya, LUAN Xiao-yu, ZHENG Zhi-qiang, YAN Jia-yu, XUE Yu-rui
2024, 39(1): 142-151.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60834-6
Abstract(108) HTML(31) PDF(59)
Abstract:
The nitrate reduction reaction (NtRR) has been demonstrated to be a promising way for obtaining ammonia (NH3) by converting NO3 to NH3. Here we report the controlled synthesis of cobalt tetroxide/graphdiyne heterostructured nanowires (Co3O4/GDY NWs) by a simple two-step process including the synthesis of Co3O4 NWs and the following growth of GDY using hexaethynylbenzene as the precursor at 110 °C for 10 h. Detailed scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman characterization confirmed the synthesis of a Co3O4/GDY heterointerface with the formation of sp-C―Co bonds at the interface and incomplete charge transfer between GDY and Co, which provide a continuous supply of electrons for the catalytic reaction and ensure a rapid NtRR. Because of these advantages, Co3O4/GDY NWs had an excellent NtRR performance with a high NH3 yield rate (YNH3) of 0.78 mmol h−1 cm−2 and a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 92.45% at −1.05 V (vs. RHE). This work provides a general approach for synthesizing heterostructures that can drive high-performance ammonia production from wastewater under ambient conditions.
Cactus-like NC/CoxP electrode enables efficient and stable hydrogen evolution for saline water splitting
CHEN Xu, ZHAO Jin-yu, ZHANG Wen-sheng, WANG Xiao-min
2024, 39(1): 152-163.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60824-3
Abstract(91) HTML(46) PDF(55)
Abstract:
Designing efficient and robust catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is imperative for saline water electrolysis technology. A catalyst composed of CoxP nanowires array with N-doped carbon nanosheets (NC) was fabricated on Ni foam (NF) by an in-situ growth strategy. The material is designated as NC/CoxP@NF. In the preparation process, Co(OH)2 nanowires were transformed into a metal organic framework of cobalt (ZIF-67) on NF by the dissolution-coordination of endogenous Co2+ and 2-methylimidazole. The resulting cactus-like microstructure gives NC/CoxP@NF abundant exposed active sites and ion transport channels, which improve the HER catalytic reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the interconnected alternating nanowires and free-standing nanosheets in NC/CoxP@NF improve its structural stability, and the formation of surface polyanions (phosphate) and a NC nanosheet protective layer improve the anti-corrosive properties of catalysts. Thus, the NC/CoxP@NF has an excellent performance, requiring overpotentials of 107 and 133 mV for HER to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH and 1.0 mol L−1 KOH + 0.5 mol L−1 NaCl, respectively. This in-situ transformation strategy is a new way of constructing highly-efficient HER catalysts for saline water electrolysis.
Ir nanoclusters on ZIF-8-derived nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks to give a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction
WANG Xi-ao, GONG Yan-shang, LIU Zhi-kun, WU Pei-shan, ZHANG Li-xue, SUN Jian-kun
2024, 39(1): 164-172.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60832-2
Abstract(93) HTML(45) PDF(55)
Abstract:
The precise change of the electronic structure of active metals using low-active supports is an effective way of developing high-performance electrocatalysts. The electronic interaction of the metal and support provides a flexible way of optimizing the catalytic performance. We have fabricated an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst, in which Ir nanoclusters are uniformly loaded on a nitrogen-doped carbon framework (Ir@NC). The synthesis process entails immersing an annealed zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), prepared at 900 °C as a carbon source, into an IrCl3 solution, followed by a calcination-reduction treatment at 400 °C under a H2/Ar atmosphere. The three-dimensional porous structure of the nitrogen-doped carbon framework exposes more active metal sites, and the combined effect of the Ir clusters and the N-doped carbon support efficiently changes the electronic structure of Ir, optimizing the HER process. In acidic media, Ir@NC has a remarkable HER electrocatalytic activity, with an overpotential of only 23 mV at 10 mA cm−2, an ultra-low Tafel slope (25.8 mV dec−1) and good stability for over 24 h at 10 mA cm−2. The high activity of the electrocatalyst with a simple and scalable synthesis method makes it a highly promising candidate for the industrial production of hydrogen by splitting acidic water.
Research progress on electrode materials and electrolytes for supercapacitors
JIAO Chen, ZHANG Wei-ke, SU Fang-yuan, YANG Hong-yan, LIU Rui-xiang, CHEN Cheng-meng
2017, 32(2): 106-115.  
Abstract(2120) PDF(3503)
摘要:
超级电容器具有高功率密度、长循环寿命、良好的低温使用性能和安全性的优点,已经广泛应用到电子产品、能量回收和储能等领域。电极材料和电解液是决定超级电容器性能的两大关键因素,超级电容器常用的电极材料包括碳质材料(活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭纤维、纳米洋葱碳等)、金属氧化物(金属氢氧化物)、导电聚合物及复合材料等;电解液主要有水系电解液、有机系电解液与离子液体。本文综述了超级电容器电极材料与电解液的研究现状,详细介绍了电极材料、电解液的性能及优缺点,并对新型电极材料和电解液的研究趋势提出展望。
Influence of graphene oxide additions on the microstructure and mechanical strength of cement
WANG Qin, WANG Jian, LU Chun-xiang, LIU Bo-wei, ZHANG Kun, LI Chong-zhi
2015, 30(4): 349-356.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60194-9
Abstract(1060) PDF(526)
摘要:
研究了不同掺量下氧化石墨烯(GO)对水泥石以及胶砂微观结构和力学性能的影响。含16.5%水的水泥浆、0.05%GO及3倍于水泥的沙子共混物作为添加剂制备成砂浆。通过SEM、液氮吸附仪和一系列标准实验分别对水泥石的微观形态、孔隙结构、抗压抗折强度以及水泥净浆的流动度、黏度、凝结时间进行表征;考察不同GO掺量下水泥水化放热的变化情况。结果表明:GO对水泥浆有显著增稠和促凝作用;GO的掺入可以有效降低水泥的水化放热量;GO对水泥石有显著的增强增韧效果,28天龄期时,GO质量分数为0.05%的水泥石,3、7和28 d抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加52.4%、46.5%、40.4%和86.1%、68.5%、90.5%,胶砂的抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加43.2%、33%、24.4%和69.4%、106.4%、70.5%;GO在水泥硬化过程中对水泥石中晶体产物的产生有促进作用并能规整晶体的排布而形成针状晶体簇,改善水泥石中的孔结构,降低水泥石中微孔的体积,增加水泥石的密实度,对水泥石有显著地增强增韧效果。
A review of the control of pore texture of phosphoric acid-activated carbons
ZUO Song-lin
2018, 33(4): 289-302.  
Abstract(1380) PDF(762)
摘要:
磷酸活化法是植物纤维原料制备活性炭的主要化学活化方法。笔者系统综述了磷酸活化过程中活性炭孔隙结构的调控机制。从化学的观点,笔者提出植物纤维原料的磷酸活化在本质上是磷酸-生物高分子复合体的形成与热处理两个过程。基于这一概念,分析了植物纤维原料的组成与结构、浸渍条件等因素对磷酸-生物高分子复合体的组成与结构的影响,全面总结了植物纤维原料种类与预处理、植物细胞壁结构和结晶度、浸渍比、浸渍方式、温度和时间等组成、结构与条件对磷酸法活性炭孔隙结构的形成与发展的影响规律。在磷酸-生物高分子热处理过程中,系统总结了炭化温度、升温速率与中间停留温度等加热历程、惰性气体、氧化性气体和水蒸气等气氛对磷酸活化法活性炭孔隙结构的影响规律。最后概述了氧化性气氛和氧化试剂对磷酸活化过程的影响机理,以及磷酸活化过程中固相炭化和气相炭化对活性炭孔隙结构发展的贡献。
Advances in the ablation resistance of C/C composites
FU Qian-gang, ZHANG Jia-ping, LI He-jun
2015, 30(2): 97-105.  
Abstract(1544) PDF(1381)
摘要:
C/C复合材料因优异的高温性能被认为是高温结构件的理想材料。然而,C/C复合材料在高温高速粒子冲刷环境下的氧化烧蚀问题严重制约其应用。因此,如何提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能显得尤为重要。笔者综述C/C复合材料抗烧蚀的研究现状。目前,提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的途径主要集中于优化炭纤维预制体结构、控制热解炭织构、基体中陶瓷掺杂改性和表面涂覆抗烧蚀涂层等4种方法。主要介绍以上4种方法的研究现状,重点介绍基体改性和抗烧蚀涂层的最新研究进展。其中,涂层和基体改性是提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的两种有效方法。未来C/C 复合材料抗烧蚀研究的潜在方向主要集中于降低制造成本、控制热解炭织构、优化掺杂的陶瓷相以及将基体改性和涂层技术相结合。
A review of carbon-carbon composites for engineering applications
SU Jun-ming, ZHOU Shao-jian, LI Rui-zhen, XIAO Zhi-chao, CUI Hong
2015, 30(2): 106-114.  
Abstract(1777) PDF(1328)
摘要:
评价了中国40多年来在航天、航空、光伏、粉末冶金、工业高温炉领域成功应用的针刺C/C,正交3D C/C、径编C/C、穿刺C/C、轴编C/C等五类C/C复合材料的物理、力学、热学、烧蚀、摩擦磨损、使用寿命等性能及特点,并与其他国家相应材料性能进行分析对比,为建立工程应用C/C复合材料共享的数据库平台奠定基础。揭示了炭纤维预制体、炭基体类型、界面结合状态与材料性能的关联度。指出炭纤维预制体结构单元精细化研究和其结构的梯度设计,以及炭基体的优化组合匹配技术,仍是C/C复合材料性能稳定化提升的重点研究方向。
Preparation and properties of reduced graphene oxide/polyimide composites produced by in-situ polymerization and solution blending methods
MA Lang, WANG Guo-jian, DAI Jin-feng
2016, 31(2): 129-134.  
Abstract(1293) PDF(1423)
摘要:
利用化学氧化还原法制备出石墨烯。通过原位聚合法及溶液混合法制备出石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料,考察不同复合材料制备方法对其机械性能及导电性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。结果表明,制备的石墨烯为二维的单层或寡层材料,加入到聚酰亚胺中能够增强其机械性能及电导率。相比溶液混合法,采用原位聚合法时石墨烯在聚酰亚胺基体中分散更均匀,对其团聚作用有更好的抑制作用,制备的复合材料性能更优异。采用该法加入石墨烯的量为1.0 wt%时,拉伸强度达到了132.5 MPa,提高了68.8%;加入量增加到3.0 wt%时,电导率达6.87×10-4S·m-1,提高了8个数量级,对聚酰亚胺的性能有显著的增强作用。
Rheological behavior of fresh cement pastes with a graphene oxide additive
WANG Qin, WANG Jian, LU Chun-xiang, CUI Xin-you, LI Shi-yu, WANG Xi
2016, 31(6): 574-584.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60033-1
Abstract(938) PDF(794)
摘要:
采用流变仪和激光共聚焦显微镜对不同氧化石墨烯(GO)掺量的新拌水泥浆体的流变参数以及浆体微观形态进行了定量化研究,并采用Modified-Bingham(M-B)模型和Herschel-Bulkley(H-B)模型对所测数据进行了拟合处理,提出了GO影响新拌水泥浆体的作用机理。结果表明,GO的掺入可以使新拌浆体中在减水剂作用下分散的水泥颗粒发生再次凝聚,形成重组絮凝结构,且随着GO掺量的增加,重组絮凝结构的数量越多,从而使得浆体流变性发生显著变化。一方面,新拌浆体的塑性粘度、屈服应力以及触变性随GO掺量的提高而显著增加。另一方面,GO的掺入提高了新拌浆体的临界剪切速率,使其在较大剪切速率下的流变行为仍然表现为剪切变稀;降低了浆体的剪切增稠程度,提高了浆体的稳定性。
Hydrothermal synthesis of porous phosphorus-doped carbon nanotubes and their use in the oxygen reduction reaction and lithium-sulfur batteries
GUO Meng-qing, HUANG Jia-qi, KONG Xiang-yi, PENG Hong-jie, SHUI Han, QIAN Fang-yuan, ZHU Lin, ZHU Wan-cheng, ZHANG Qiang
2016, 31(3): 352-362.  
Abstract(1081) PDF(725)
摘要:
碳纳米管优异的物理性质和可调的化学组成使其拥有广泛的应用前景。采用低温过程在碳骨架中引入磷原子预期带来可调的化学特性。本研究采用170℃下水热处理碳纳米管-磷酸混合物获得磷掺杂的碳纳米管。磷掺杂的碳管的磷含量为1.66%,比表面积为132 m2/g,热失重峰在纯氧环境下提升至694℃。当掺磷碳纳米管用于氧还原反应时,其起始电位为-0.20 V,电子转移数为2.60,反应电流显著高于无掺杂的碳纳米管。当其用作锂硫电池正极导电材料时,电极的起始容量为1106 mAh/g,电流密度从0.1 C提升至1 C时容量保留率为80%,100次循环的衰减率为每圈0.25%。
The effect of nitrogen and/or boron doping on the electrochemical performance of non-caking coal-derived activated carbons for use as supercapacitor electrodes
LU Qian, XU Yuan-yuan, MU Sha-jiang, LI Wen-cui
2017, 32(5): 442-450.   doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60133-1
Abstract(600) PDF(502)
摘要:
以新疆不粘煤为原料,三聚氰胺为氮源,硼酸为硼源,通过球磨和后续活化过程合成硼,氮掺杂及硼氮共掺杂煤基活性炭。氮吸附结果显示杂原子掺杂可提高活性炭中介孔的含量。红外和X光电子能谱结果显示,硼、氮原子存在于炭骨架中。循环伏安,恒流充放电及电化学阻抗分析说明硼、氮掺杂活性炭的电化学性能优于非掺杂活性炭。其中,硼氮共掺杂活性炭具有176 F·g-1的高比容量。循环20 000次容量保持率为96%。共掺杂活性炭优异的电化学性能归因于硼氮的协同作用。
Research progress and potential applications for graphene/polymer composites
ZENG You, WANG Han, CHENG Hui-ming
2016, 31(6): 555-567.  
Abstract(1147) PDF(1649)
摘要:
随着石墨烯低成本宏量制备技术的突破,石墨烯的工业化应用进程已引起人们广泛关注。本文介绍了石墨烯在聚合物基复合材料领域的研究进展,侧重阐述石墨烯/聚合物复合材料在力学增强、导电/导热网络构建、防腐阻燃等方面的代表性研究成果,同时对商业化石墨烯产品及其复合材料应用进行了简单评述,探讨了石墨烯/聚合物复合材料领域目前存在的主要问题及未来发展趋势。
Recent progress in the preparation of ordered mesoporous carbons using a self-assembled soft template
HUANG Zheng-hong
2012, 27(05): 321-336.  
Abstract(2016) PDF(64)
Abstract:
The preparation of self-assembled ordered mesoporous carbons (SA-OMCs) using a soft template method has many advantages, such as low cost, ease of preparation and control. This paper review the development periods, the basic principles and preparation procedures with an emphasis on the control of morphology and multi-level pore structure of OMCs based on SA-OMCs. And suggest that further research in this area can be focused on expanding the scope of the precursor, improving the flexibility and conductivity of the shaped products, such as fibers and membranes.
Preparation of graphene by chemical vapor deposition
REN Wen-cai, GAO Li-bo, MA Lai-peng, CHENG Hui-ming
2011, 26(01): 71-80.  
Abstract(3333) PDF(384)
Abstract:
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an effective way for the preparation of graphene with large area and high quality. In this review, the mechanism and characteristics of the four main preparation methods of graphene are briefly introduced, including micromechanical cleavage, chemical exfoliation, SiC epitaxial growth and CVD. The recent advances in the CVD growth of graphene and the related transfer techniques in terms of structure control, quality improvement and large area graphene synthesis were discussed. Other possible methods for the CVD growth of graphene were analyzed including the synthesis and nondestructive transfer of large area single crystalline graphene, graphene nanoribbons and graphene macrostructures.