Abstract: Supercapacitors (SCs) are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability, high power density, and fast charge and discharge rates. Researchers are exploring electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators for cost-effective energy storage systems. Advances in material science have led to the development of hybrid nanomaterials, such as combining filamentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles, to create synergistic effects in charge and energy transfer processes. Notable materials for electrochemical energy-storage applications include MXenes, 2D transition metal carbides, and nitrides, carbon black (CB), carbon aerogels (CA), activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), conducting polymers (CPs), carbon fibers (CFs), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and graphene, known for their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers (CPs), ceramics, metal oxide (MO), transition metal oxides (TMOs), metal hydroxides, transition metal sulfides (TMS), transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), metal sulfides (MSs), carbides, nitrides, and biomass materials have garnered widespread attention due to their remarkable performance, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and renewability. This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors, including EDLCs, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid SCs. It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design, techniques, and the latest research on carbon-based hybrid materials, and offers practical solutions for high-performance supercapacitors for the next generation.