N-doped layered porous carbon electrodes with high mass loadings for high-performance supercapacitors
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摘要: 在保持快速充/放电特性的同时,提高超级电容器的能量密度将极大地扩展其应用领域。本文以野生箩藦壳为碳源、ZnCl2为活化剂、NH4Cl)为氮源,通过一步法制备了氮掺杂层状多孔炭(NPCM)作为高性能超级电容器电极材料。该NPCM材料具有高的电导率、较高的离子可接触比表面积和快速的离子传输通道,显示出高质量比容量(457 F/g)和面积比容量(47.8 μF/cm2)。在高负载(17.7 mg/cm2)下,材料仍显示出较高比容量(161 F/g)。此外,在1 mol/L Na2SO4电解液下,组装的NPCM//NPCM对称超级电容器可以在0.56 s内输出高能量密度(12.5 Wh/kg)和超高的功率密度(80 kW/kg)。Abstract: We report a porous carbon material (NPCM) with a high N content as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode material which was prepared by a simple activation-doping process using Metaplexis Japonica shell as the carbon precursor, ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source and zinc chloride as the activation agent. Its high electrical conductivity, large ion-accessible surface area and fast ion transport ability make it possible to achieve a high mass loading of NPCM per area of the electrode and a high energy and high power density supercapacitor. An electrode with a low NPCM mass loading of 1 mg cm−2 has a gravimetric specific capacitance of 457 F g−1 and an areal specific capacitance of 47.8 μF cm−2. At a much high NPCM loading of 17.7 mg cm−2 it has a high gravimetric capacitance of 161 F g−1. Furthermore, an assembled NPCM//NPCM symmetric supercapacitor with an optimal NPCM loading of 12.3 mg cm−2 delivered a high specific energy of 12.5 Wh kg−1 at an ultrahigh power of 80 kW kg−1 in 1 mol L-1 Na2SO4. The achievement of such high-energy and high-power densities using NPCM will open exciting opportunities for carbon-based supercapacitors in many different applications.
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Key words:
- Supercapacitors /
- Porous carbon /
- N-doped carbon /
- High power
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Figure 3. (a) XRD and (b) Raman patterns of NPCM, PCM, and CM, (c) XPS spectra of NPCM, PCM, and CM (inset: possible locations for N and O incorporation into a carbon network), (d) atomic percentages of C, O and N and (e) high-resolution N 1s XPS spectrum of NPCM (Note: N-X, N-Q, N-5, N-6 denote oxidic, graphitic, pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen, respectively).
Figure 4. (a) CV curves of NPCM, PCM, and CM at a scan rate of 1 V s−1, (b) charge/discharge current as a function of the scan rate with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.994 for NPCM, (c) GCD curves of NPCM at various current densities, (d) GCD curves of NPCM, PCM, and CM at 50 A g−1, (e) gravimetric specific capacitances of NPCM, PCM, and CM, (f) specific capacitance versus square root of half-cycle time, (g) normalized area capacitances of NPCM compared with other heteroatom-doped carbons and activated carbons and (h) cycling stability of NPCM at a current density of 20 A g−1.
Figure 6. (a) CV and (b) GCD curves of the NPCM with different mass loadings from 1.0 to 17.7 mg cm−2 at 100 mV s−1 and 20 A g−1, respectively, (c) charge transfer resistance (Rct, Ω) and relaxation time constant (τ0, s) of the NPCM with different mass loadings, (d) CV curves of NPCM under 12.3 mg cm−2, (e) charge/discharge current as a function of scan rate with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.999 for the NPCM at 12.3 mg cm−2 and (f) specific capacitances of the NPCM with various mass loadings.
Figure 7. (a) CV curves of the NPCM//NPCM symmetric supercapacitor measured in various voltage windows at 50 mV s−1, (b) CV and (c) GCD curves of the NPCM//NPCM symmetric supercapacitor, (d) Ragone plot of the NPCM//NPCM symmetric supercapacitor and other symmetric supercapacitors previously reported in the literature and (e) cycling stability of the NPCM//NPCM symmetric supercapacitor at a current density of 20 A g−1 up to 20 000 cycles.
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