Micro/mesopore carbon spheres derived from sucrose for high performance supercapacitors
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摘要: 以蔗糖溶液为碳前驱体，通过简单的水热炭化和KOH/NaOH碱活化方法制备微/介孔碳球。研究了KOH和NaOH活化参数对炭球比表面积和相应孔径分布的影响。炭球作为超级电容器的电极，在6 mol/L KOH电解液中具有高的比电容和良好的倍率性能。此外，基于1 mol/L MeEt3NBF4/PC有机电解液，微/介孔炭球电极组成的对称电容器表现出高达30.4 Wh kg-1的能量密度和18.5 kW kg-1的功率密度。在5 A g-1的电流密度下，充放电循环15 000次后比容量保持率为73.0%。Abstract: Micro/mesopore carbon spheres as electrode materials of supercapacitors were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization followed by KOH/NaOH activation using sucrose as the carbon precursor. The effects of KOH and NaOH activation parameters on the specific surface area, pore size distribution and electrochemical performance of the carbon spheres were investigated. Results indicate that the use of NaOH leads to the development of mesopores while the use of KOH is favorable to increase specific surface area and micropore volume. The pore size distribution of carbon spheres could be adjusted by varying the fraction of NaOH in the activation agent. A balanced capacitance and rate performance of the supercapacitor electrode in both 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte and 1 M MeEt3NBF4/PC electrolyte is achieved when the carbonized product is activated at a mass ratio of NaOH+KOH/ carbonized product of 3∶1 with a NaOH/KOH mass ratio of 2∶1. As-prepared porous carbon delivers a capacitance of 235 F/g at 0.1 A/g and capacitance retention rate of 81.5% at 20 A/g in the 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. In 1 M MeEt3NBF4/PC, the cell based on the porous carbon delivers the highest energy and power output of 30.4 Wh kg-1 and 18.5 kW kg-1, respectively.
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Key words:
- Sucrose /
- Carbon sphere /
- Hydrothermal carbonization /
- Mixed alkali activation /
- Supercapacitor
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Figure 1. SEM images of the samples using HTC∶KOH∶NaOH in mass ratios of (a) 1∶0∶0 (HTC), (b) 1∶3∶0 (ATCK), (c) 1∶0∶3 (ATCNa), (d) 1∶1∶2 (ATCK/Na).
Figure 4. X-ray photoelectron survey scanning spectra of (a) all samples and (b-d) the deconvoluted O 1s peaks for ATCK, ATCNa and ATCK/Na, respectively.
Figure 5. The electrochemical performances of ATCK, ATCNa and ATCK/Na. (a) CV curves at 5 mV s-1, GCD plots at (b) 0.1 A g-1 and (c) 20 A g-1, (d) the IR drop and (e) specific capacitance as a function of current density, and (f) Nyquist plots.
Figure 6. The electrochemical performance of ATCK/Na electrode in organic electrolyte. (a) CV curves at various scan rates, (b) GCD plots and (c) Cs, Ccell at different current densities, (d) Ragone plot and (e) cycling performance at 5 A g-1.
Table 1. Results of sorption tests and elemental compositions of activated carbons.
Sample SBET (m2 g-1) Smicro (m2 g-1) V(2.0-3.7 nm) (cm3 g-1) Pav (nm) Elemental composition by XPS C (at%) O (at%) ATCK 1643 1427 0 1.79 90.01 9.99 ATCNa 834 518 0.06 1.95 94.32 5.68 ATCK/Na 1160 957 0.03 1.82 92.74 7.26 
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