Abstract: Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), as a unique member of the nanocarbon family, have become important catalysts for overall water splitting and metal-air batteries because of their high specific surface area, abundant surface chemical reaction sites and high electron mobility. Understanding the fundamental catalytic mechanism of GQDs in heterogeneous catalysis is conducive to the rational design of high performance GQD-based catalysts. This article summarizes current research progress in the synthesis, modification and applications of GQD-based heterogeneous catalysts in overall water splitting, metal-air batteries and other fields. The issues related to the use of GQD-based catalysts in these fields are discussed together with their future development.