Abstract: Several graphite samples with different microstructures were prepared from anthracite using industrial silicon powders as catalyst. The mechanism of the catalytic reaction and the electrochemical properties of the prepared coal-based graphite in lithium anodes were investigated. The correlation between the microstructure and the properties of the graphite is discussed. Results show that the sample with 5% silicon (G-2800-5%) has the best lithium storage. It has the well-developed graphitic structure with a degree of graphitization of 91.5% as determined from the interlayer spacing. When used as an anode material, a high reversible capacity of 369.0 mAh g⁻¹ was achieved at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and its reversible capacity was 209.0 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹. It also exhibits good cycling stability with a capacity retention of 92.2% after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g⁻¹. The highly developed graphite structure, which is favorable for the formation of a stable SEI and therefore reduces lithium ion loss, is responsible for the superior electrochemical performance.