高比能快充型钠离子电池炭负极:进展与挑战

Progress and challenges in the use of carbon anodes for high-energy and fast-charging sodium-ion batteries

  • 摘要: 钠离子电池具有优异的快充能力与低温特性,加之钠元素资源丰富、成本低廉的优势,已成为下一代非资源限制型高效储能体系的首选。无定形炭材料作为钠离子电池实用化进程的关键负极材料,具备较高首次库伦效率、低嵌钠平台及稳定性好等优点。然而,目前无定形炭负极存在平台储钠动力学差以及高平台容量与高平台电位无法兼得的问题,导致钠离子电池的快充性能、能量密度以及安全特性难以全面兼顾,严重阻碍了钠离子电池的产业化进程。本文聚焦制约钠离子电池碳负极发展的关键瓶颈,分析了无定形炭平台储钠各基元步骤的动力学行为,从电极-电解液界面和无定形炭微观结构调控两方面梳理了构建高比能快充型钠离子电池的工作进展,并探讨了影响平台储钠动力学与平台电位的关键要素,最后针对钠离子电池碳负极的发展方向与关键挑战进行了简要评述和展望,以期推动实用型钠离子电池碳负极材料的发展。

     

    Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are widely recognized as most promising candidates for the next generation of low-cost and high-efficiency energy storage systems. Disordered carbons are the most practical anode materials for SIBs, because of their high reversibility of sodium storage and low sodium intercalation potential. However, current disordered carbon anodes face challenges in the incompatibility of their high plateau capacity and high safety operating voltages, as well as sluggish kinetics of sodium storage, leading to trade-offs in energy density, fast-charging performance, and safety characteristics which severely limit their commercialization. This review focuses on the key factors that restrict the development of carbon anodes in SIBs and analyzes the kinetic behavior of each step in the plateau sodium storage process. The progress in building high-energy and fast-charging SIBs is reviewed from two perspectives: the electrode-electrolyte interface and the microstructural control of the disordered carbon. Critical factors influencing the kinetics of sodium storage and the plateau potential are discussed. Finally, prospects for the development of practical carbon anode materials for SIBs are considered.

     

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