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2023, 38(6): 997-1017.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60785-1
Abstract:
Solar-driven interfacial vapor generation (SIVG) is increasingly used for fresh water production, having the advantages of low energy consumption, eco-friendliness, and high efficiency. Carbon-based photothermal materials (CPTMs) can introduce temperature and salinity gradients in the SIVG process because of their outstanding photothermal conversion properties, which have given SIVG great potential for both steam and power generation. Various kinds of CPTMs for clean water and electricity generation are discussed in this review. The basic principles and key performance indices of SIVG are first described and the photothermal and SIVG performance of various CPTMs including graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots and carbonized biomass are then summarized. Finally, current research concerning water/electricity cogeneration and ways to deal with the problems encountered are presented, to provide some guidelines for the use of multifunctional CPTMs for simultaneous steam and electricity generation.
Solar-driven interfacial vapor generation (SIVG) is increasingly used for fresh water production, having the advantages of low energy consumption, eco-friendliness, and high efficiency. Carbon-based photothermal materials (CPTMs) can introduce temperature and salinity gradients in the SIVG process because of their outstanding photothermal conversion properties, which have given SIVG great potential for both steam and power generation. Various kinds of CPTMs for clean water and electricity generation are discussed in this review. The basic principles and key performance indices of SIVG are first described and the photothermal and SIVG performance of various CPTMs including graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots and carbonized biomass are then summarized. Finally, current research concerning water/electricity cogeneration and ways to deal with the problems encountered are presented, to provide some guidelines for the use of multifunctional CPTMs for simultaneous steam and electricity generation.
2023, 38(6): 1018-1034.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60784-X
Abstract:
Metal-air batteries have received significant attention as highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices. Nevertheless, several difficulties, such as the sluggish reaction kinetics of the cathode and the high cost of precious metals, have significantly hampered their commercialization. Biomass carbon materials have emerged as an important alternative for the development of high-performance cathode materials in metal-air batteries, owing to their remarkable electrochemical characteristics, environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. In recent years, there has been huge progress in the preparation and design of biomass carbon materials. This review summarizes the most recent research on these materials, and the effects of the reaction mechanism, synthesis method and multidimensional (1D, 2D, 3D) structure on their electrocatalytic performance are reviewed. Finally, problems associated with their use and possible new developments are discussed. The review presents new perspectives on the structure of these materials, and provides a basis for the development of efficient, affordable, and stable cathode materials for metal-air batteries.
Metal-air batteries have received significant attention as highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices. Nevertheless, several difficulties, such as the sluggish reaction kinetics of the cathode and the high cost of precious metals, have significantly hampered their commercialization. Biomass carbon materials have emerged as an important alternative for the development of high-performance cathode materials in metal-air batteries, owing to their remarkable electrochemical characteristics, environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. In recent years, there has been huge progress in the preparation and design of biomass carbon materials. This review summarizes the most recent research on these materials, and the effects of the reaction mechanism, synthesis method and multidimensional (1D, 2D, 3D) structure on their electrocatalytic performance are reviewed. Finally, problems associated with their use and possible new developments are discussed. The review presents new perspectives on the structure of these materials, and provides a basis for the development of efficient, affordable, and stable cathode materials for metal-air batteries.
2023, 38(6): 1035-1049.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60780-2
Abstract:
Advanced electromagnetic absorbing materials (EAMs) with strong absorption and a wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB), using innovative microstructural design and suitable multicomponents remain a persistent challenge. Here, we report the production of a material by the hydrothermal reduction of a mixture of graphene oxide (GO), Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, and Co(NO3)2·6H2O, resulting in reduced GO (RGO) with a self-assembled 3D mesh structure filled with NiCo2(CO3)3 . The unique microstructure of this assembly not only solves the problem of NiCo2(CO3)3 particles agglomerating but also changes the electromagnetic parameters, thereby improving the impedance matching and attenuation ability. High electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) was achieved by combining the 3D interconnected mesh structure and the various interfaces between NiCo2(CO3)3 and RGO. The minimal reflection loss (RLmin) was −58.5 dB at 2.3 mm, and the EAB was 6.5 GHz. The excellent EMA performance of the aerogel can be attributed to the multiple reflection, scattering, and relaxation process of the porous 3D structure as well as the strong polarization of the interfacial matrix.n of the interfacial matrix.
Advanced electromagnetic absorbing materials (EAMs) with strong absorption and a wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB), using innovative microstructural design and suitable multicomponents remain a persistent challenge. Here, we report the production of a material by the hydrothermal reduction of a mixture of graphene oxide (GO), Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, and Co(NO3)2·6H2O, resulting in reduced GO (RGO) with a self-assembled 3D mesh structure filled with NiCo2(CO3)3 . The unique microstructure of this assembly not only solves the problem of NiCo2(CO3)3 particles agglomerating but also changes the electromagnetic parameters, thereby improving the impedance matching and attenuation ability. High electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) was achieved by combining the 3D interconnected mesh structure and the various interfaces between NiCo2(CO3)3 and RGO. The minimal reflection loss (RLmin) was −58.5 dB at 2.3 mm, and the EAB was 6.5 GHz. The excellent EMA performance of the aerogel can be attributed to the multiple reflection, scattering, and relaxation process of the porous 3D structure as well as the strong polarization of the interfacial matrix.n of the interfacial matrix.
2023, 38(6): 1050-1058.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60752-8
Abstract:
The modification and optimization of porous carbon electrodes is key to achieving high-performance supercapacitors. Oxygen-rich porous carbon nanosheets (OPCNs) with a two-dimensional (2D) structure produced from the solid by-products of the coal industry were prepared by taking advantage of the rigid confinement of 2D MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) combined with KOH activation. The influence of carbonization temperature on the microstructure and surface properties of the OPCNs was investigated. The surface morphologies/compositions and surface textures of the prepared OPCNs were observed and analyzed by SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption and desorption, elemental analysis, etc. The optimized carbon sample activated at 700 °C (OPCN-700) had a high oxygen content of 24.4 wt%, a large specific surface area of 2 388 m2 g−1, and good wettability. In addition, the abundant micropores and 2D nanosheet structure of OPCN-700 provide efficient storage and transport for electrolyte ions. Because of this, when used as the electrode for a supercapacitor it has a high specific capacitance of 382 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, an excellent rate performance and cycling stability.
The modification and optimization of porous carbon electrodes is key to achieving high-performance supercapacitors. Oxygen-rich porous carbon nanosheets (OPCNs) with a two-dimensional (2D) structure produced from the solid by-products of the coal industry were prepared by taking advantage of the rigid confinement of 2D MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) combined with KOH activation. The influence of carbonization temperature on the microstructure and surface properties of the OPCNs was investigated. The surface morphologies/compositions and surface textures of the prepared OPCNs were observed and analyzed by SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption and desorption, elemental analysis, etc. The optimized carbon sample activated at 700 °C (OPCN-700) had a high oxygen content of 24.4 wt%, a large specific surface area of 2 388 m2 g−1, and good wettability. In addition, the abundant micropores and 2D nanosheet structure of OPCN-700 provide efficient storage and transport for electrolyte ions. Because of this, when used as the electrode for a supercapacitor it has a high specific capacitance of 382 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, an excellent rate performance and cycling stability.
2023, 38(6): 1059-1069.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60782-6
Abstract:
Molybdenum selenide (MoSe2) has been regarded as an advanced electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, its electrocatalytic performance is far inferior to platinum (Pt). Combining semiconductors with metals to construct Mott-Schottky heterojunctions has been considered as an effective method to enhance HER activity. In this work, we report a typical Mott-Schottky heterojunction composed of metal Co and semiconductor MoSe2 on carbon nanotubes (Co/MoSe2@CNT), prepared by a sol-gel process followed by thermal reduction. The characterization and theoretical calculations show that a Co/MoSe2 Mott-Schottky heterojunction can cause electron redistribution at the interface and form a built-in electric field, which not only optimizes the free energy of hydrogen atom adsorption, but also improves the charge transfer efficiency during hydrogen evolution. Thus, the Co/MoSe2@CNT has excellent catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 185 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec−1. This work provides a new strategy for constructing Co/MoSe2 Mott-Schottky heterojunctions and highlights the Mott-Schottky effect, which may inspire the future development of more attractive Mott-Schottky electrocatalysts for H2 production.
Molybdenum selenide (MoSe2) has been regarded as an advanced electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, its electrocatalytic performance is far inferior to platinum (Pt). Combining semiconductors with metals to construct Mott-Schottky heterojunctions has been considered as an effective method to enhance HER activity. In this work, we report a typical Mott-Schottky heterojunction composed of metal Co and semiconductor MoSe2 on carbon nanotubes (Co/MoSe2@CNT), prepared by a sol-gel process followed by thermal reduction. The characterization and theoretical calculations show that a Co/MoSe2 Mott-Schottky heterojunction can cause electron redistribution at the interface and form a built-in electric field, which not only optimizes the free energy of hydrogen atom adsorption, but also improves the charge transfer efficiency during hydrogen evolution. Thus, the Co/MoSe2@CNT has excellent catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 185 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec−1. This work provides a new strategy for constructing Co/MoSe2 Mott-Schottky heterojunctions and highlights the Mott-Schottky effect, which may inspire the future development of more attractive Mott-Schottky electrocatalysts for H2 production.
2023, 38(6): 1070-1079.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60783-8
Abstract:
A commercial polypropylene (PP) separator was modified by a one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) and two-dimensional montmorillonite (MMT) hybrid material (CNT-MMT). Because of the high electron conductivity of the CNTs, and the strong polysulfide (LiPS) adsorption ability and easy lithium ion transport through MMT, the interconnected porous CNT-MMT interlayer with excellent structural integrity strongly suppresses LiPS shuttling while maintaining high lithium-ion transport, producing a high utilization of the active sulfur. Lithium-sulfur batteries assembled with this interlayer have a high lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, a high discharge capacity and stable cycling performance. They had an initial specific capacity of 1373 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and a stable cycling performance with a low decay rate of 0.062% per cycle at 1 C after 500 cycles.
A commercial polypropylene (PP) separator was modified by a one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) and two-dimensional montmorillonite (MMT) hybrid material (CNT-MMT). Because of the high electron conductivity of the CNTs, and the strong polysulfide (LiPS) adsorption ability and easy lithium ion transport through MMT, the interconnected porous CNT-MMT interlayer with excellent structural integrity strongly suppresses LiPS shuttling while maintaining high lithium-ion transport, producing a high utilization of the active sulfur. Lithium-sulfur batteries assembled with this interlayer have a high lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, a high discharge capacity and stable cycling performance. They had an initial specific capacity of 1373 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and a stable cycling performance with a low decay rate of 0.062% per cycle at 1 C after 500 cycles.
2023, 38(6): 1080-1091.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60781-4
Abstract:
Because of their high electrochemical activity, good structural stability, and abundant active sites, multi-metal sulfide/carbon (MMS/C) composites are of tremendous interest in diverse fields, including catalysis, energy, sensing, and environmental science. However, their cumbersome, inefficient, and environmentally unfriendly synthesis is hindering their practical application. We report a straightforward and universal method for their production which is based on homogeneous multi-phase interface engineering. The method has enabled the production of 14 different MMS/C composites, as examples, with well-organized composite structures, different components, and dense heterointerfaces. Because of their composition and structure, a typical composite has efficient, fast, and persistent lithium-ion storage. A ZnS-Co9S8/C composite anode showed a remarkable rate performance and an excellent capacity of 651 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1 after 600 cycles. This work is expected to pave the way for the easy fabrication of MMS/C composites.
Because of their high electrochemical activity, good structural stability, and abundant active sites, multi-metal sulfide/carbon (MMS/C) composites are of tremendous interest in diverse fields, including catalysis, energy, sensing, and environmental science. However, their cumbersome, inefficient, and environmentally unfriendly synthesis is hindering their practical application. We report a straightforward and universal method for their production which is based on homogeneous multi-phase interface engineering. The method has enabled the production of 14 different MMS/C composites, as examples, with well-organized composite structures, different components, and dense heterointerfaces. Because of their composition and structure, a typical composite has efficient, fast, and persistent lithium-ion storage. A ZnS-Co9S8/C composite anode showed a remarkable rate performance and an excellent capacity of 651 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1 after 600 cycles. This work is expected to pave the way for the easy fabrication of MMS/C composites.
2023, 38(6): 1092-1103.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60772-3
Abstract:
An electrochemical sensor for Cu(II) based on ion-imprinted polymers was prepared by combining surface imprinting with electrochemical polymerization deposition. The sensor was modified by ion-imprinted magnetic carbon nanospheres with a specific selectivity and sensitivity for Cu(II). The morphology and structure of the materials were characterized and analyzed. Sensors with the imprinted electrode had a stronger selectivity and higher sensitivity towards Cu(II) compared with their original counterparts. Within relative concentrations of Cu(II) from 10−6 to 10−10 mol L−1, the detection limit of the sensor was as low as 5.138×10−16 mol L−1 (S/N=3). The sensor is resistant to interference, and has good reproducibility, and stability, making it excellent for the electrochemical detection of metal ions.
An electrochemical sensor for Cu(II) based on ion-imprinted polymers was prepared by combining surface imprinting with electrochemical polymerization deposition. The sensor was modified by ion-imprinted magnetic carbon nanospheres with a specific selectivity and sensitivity for Cu(II). The morphology and structure of the materials were characterized and analyzed. Sensors with the imprinted electrode had a stronger selectivity and higher sensitivity towards Cu(II) compared with their original counterparts. Within relative concentrations of Cu(II) from 10−6 to 10−10 mol L−1, the detection limit of the sensor was as low as 5.138×10−16 mol L−1 (S/N=3). The sensor is resistant to interference, and has good reproducibility, and stability, making it excellent for the electrochemical detection of metal ions.
2023, 38(6): 1104-1115.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60706-1
Abstract:
We report a method for the of coal-based fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) at room temperature using a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formic acid (HCOOH) as the oxidant instead of concentrated HNO3 or H2SO4. The CDs have an excitation dependent behavior with a high quantum yield (QY) of approximately 7.2%. The CDs are water soluble and have excellent photo-stability, good resistance to salt solutions, and are insensitive to pH in a range of 2.0-12.0. The CDs were used as a very sensitive probe for the turn-off sensing of Fe3+ ion with a detection limit as low as 600 nmol/L and a detection range from 2 to 100 μmol/L. This work provides a way for the high value-added utilization of coal.
We report a method for the of coal-based fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) at room temperature using a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formic acid (HCOOH) as the oxidant instead of concentrated HNO3 or H2SO4. The CDs have an excitation dependent behavior with a high quantum yield (QY) of approximately 7.2%. The CDs are water soluble and have excellent photo-stability, good resistance to salt solutions, and are insensitive to pH in a range of 2.0-12.0. The CDs were used as a very sensitive probe for the turn-off sensing of Fe3+ ion with a detection limit as low as 600 nmol/L and a detection range from 2 to 100 μmol/L. This work provides a way for the high value-added utilization of coal.
2023, 38(6): 1116-1126.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60720-6
Abstract:
The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between carbon fibers (CFs) and the matrix is crucial to the performance of CF-reinforced polymer composites. To evaluate the contribution of mechanical interlocking and chemical anchoring at the interfaces of a polyacrylonitrile-based CF (TORAYCA T800SC-12000-10E)-reinforced epoxy resin (EP: bisphenol A type epoxy resin and tetrafunctional epoxy resin) composites, the surface roughness and content of oxygen-containing functional groups of the CFs were respectively altered by ammonia treatment and electrochemical oxidation. The results showed that ammonia treatment increased the surface roughness without much change to the surface elemental composition, while electrochemical oxidation increased the number of surface oxygen groups without changing the surface roughness. The IFSS of CF/EP composites was tested by the micro-droplet method. The relationships between IFSS, and surface roughness and oxygen content were obtained by linear fitting. The results showed that in the interfacial bonding of CF to epoxy resin, the contribution of chemical anchoring to the IFSS is larger than that of mechanical interlocking.
The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between carbon fibers (CFs) and the matrix is crucial to the performance of CF-reinforced polymer composites. To evaluate the contribution of mechanical interlocking and chemical anchoring at the interfaces of a polyacrylonitrile-based CF (TORAYCA T800SC-12000-10E)-reinforced epoxy resin (EP: bisphenol A type epoxy resin and tetrafunctional epoxy resin) composites, the surface roughness and content of oxygen-containing functional groups of the CFs were respectively altered by ammonia treatment and electrochemical oxidation. The results showed that ammonia treatment increased the surface roughness without much change to the surface elemental composition, while electrochemical oxidation increased the number of surface oxygen groups without changing the surface roughness. The IFSS of CF/EP composites was tested by the micro-droplet method. The relationships between IFSS, and surface roughness and oxygen content were obtained by linear fitting. The results showed that in the interfacial bonding of CF to epoxy resin, the contribution of chemical anchoring to the IFSS is larger than that of mechanical interlocking.
2023, 38(6): 1127-1134.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60732-2
Abstract:
Carbon/carbon-silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) composites were prepared by impregnation, hot-pressing with curing, carbonization at 800 oC and high-temperature heat treatment (800-1600 oC) using a 2D laminated carbon cloth as the reinforcing filler, and furfurone resin mixed with silicon, carbon from furfurone resin and SiC powders as the matrix. The effects of the addition of the three powders as well as subsequent chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) by methane on the density, microstructure and bend strength of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, density measurements, X-ray diffraction and mechanical testing. Both the SiC powders formed by the reaction at 1600 oC between the added Si and C particles and the added SiC powder, play a role in the reinforcement of the materials. In three-point bending, the composites had a pseudoplastic fracture mode and showed interlaminar cracking. After 10 h CVI with methane, pyrolytic carbon was formed at the interface between some of the carbon fibers and the resin carbon matrix, which produced maximum increases in the density and flexural strength of the composites of 4.98% and 38.86%, respectively.
Carbon/carbon-silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) composites were prepared by impregnation, hot-pressing with curing, carbonization at 800 oC and high-temperature heat treatment (800-1600 oC) using a 2D laminated carbon cloth as the reinforcing filler, and furfurone resin mixed with silicon, carbon from furfurone resin and SiC powders as the matrix. The effects of the addition of the three powders as well as subsequent chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) by methane on the density, microstructure and bend strength of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, density measurements, X-ray diffraction and mechanical testing. Both the SiC powders formed by the reaction at 1600 oC between the added Si and C particles and the added SiC powder, play a role in the reinforcement of the materials. In three-point bending, the composites had a pseudoplastic fracture mode and showed interlaminar cracking. After 10 h CVI with methane, pyrolytic carbon was formed at the interface between some of the carbon fibers and the resin carbon matrix, which produced maximum increases in the density and flexural strength of the composites of 4.98% and 38.86%, respectively.
2023, 38(6): 1135-1142.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60712-7
Abstract:
Raman spectroscopy has unique advantages in studying the micro-mechanical behavior of interfaces. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) acting as stress sensors were added to both polyimide films (CNT-PI) and those reinforced with carbon fibers (CF/CNT-PI) . Raman mapping microspectroscopy was then used to investigate the interfacial stress distributions of the films during different cryogenic-room temperature cycles (-198-25 °C, 0-300 cycles). It was found that the micro stress of CNT-PI films (around 175 MPa) had no significant changes even after 300 cycles. The cryogenic cycling had very little effect on the internal stress, indicating that PI had a good low temperature resistance. For the CF/CNT-PI films, the micro stress distributions of CFs, interface, and matrix regions were successfully obtained. It was found that the CFs bear a greater stress than the matrix, showing that CFs had always been the major stress bearer, confirming the strengthening effect of CFs. When the CF/CNT-PI films were cycled fewer than 250 times, the effect of cryogenic cycling on the micro stress was insignificant. But once the number of cycles reached 300, the compressive stresses on the fiber and interface increased by 21% and 12.9%, respectively, implying a deterioration of the mechanical properties. By Raman mapping, the micro-mechanical distributions of the reinforced material, matrix and interface of the composites under cyclic temperature changes were effectively quantified. This is therefore an effective method for evaluating the safety of composite materials.
Raman spectroscopy has unique advantages in studying the micro-mechanical behavior of interfaces. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) acting as stress sensors were added to both polyimide films (CNT-PI) and those reinforced with carbon fibers (CF/CNT-PI) . Raman mapping microspectroscopy was then used to investigate the interfacial stress distributions of the films during different cryogenic-room temperature cycles (-198-25 °C, 0-300 cycles). It was found that the micro stress of CNT-PI films (around 175 MPa) had no significant changes even after 300 cycles. The cryogenic cycling had very little effect on the internal stress, indicating that PI had a good low temperature resistance. For the CF/CNT-PI films, the micro stress distributions of CFs, interface, and matrix regions were successfully obtained. It was found that the CFs bear a greater stress than the matrix, showing that CFs had always been the major stress bearer, confirming the strengthening effect of CFs. When the CF/CNT-PI films were cycled fewer than 250 times, the effect of cryogenic cycling on the micro stress was insignificant. But once the number of cycles reached 300, the compressive stresses on the fiber and interface increased by 21% and 12.9%, respectively, implying a deterioration of the mechanical properties. By Raman mapping, the micro-mechanical distributions of the reinforced material, matrix and interface of the composites under cyclic temperature changes were effectively quantified. This is therefore an effective method for evaluating the safety of composite materials.
2017, 32(2): 106-115.
摘要：
超级电容器具有高功率密度、长循环寿命、良好的低温使用性能和安全性的优点，已经广泛应用到电子产品、能量回收和储能等领域。电极材料和电解液是决定超级电容器性能的两大关键因素，超级电容器常用的电极材料包括碳质材料（活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭纤维、纳米洋葱碳等）、金属氧化物（金属氢氧化物）、导电聚合物及复合材料等；电解液主要有水系电解液、有机系电解液与离子液体。本文综述了超级电容器电极材料与电解液的研究现状，详细介绍了电极材料、电解液的性能及优缺点，并对新型电极材料和电解液的研究趋势提出展望。
超级电容器具有高功率密度、长循环寿命、良好的低温使用性能和安全性的优点，已经广泛应用到电子产品、能量回收和储能等领域。电极材料和电解液是决定超级电容器性能的两大关键因素，超级电容器常用的电极材料包括碳质材料（活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭纤维、纳米洋葱碳等）、金属氧化物（金属氢氧化物）、导电聚合物及复合材料等；电解液主要有水系电解液、有机系电解液与离子液体。本文综述了超级电容器电极材料与电解液的研究现状，详细介绍了电极材料、电解液的性能及优缺点，并对新型电极材料和电解液的研究趋势提出展望。
2015, 30(4): 349-356.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60194-9
摘要：
研究了不同掺量下氧化石墨烯(GO)对水泥石以及胶砂微观结构和力学性能的影响。含16.5%水的水泥浆、0.05%GO及3倍于水泥的沙子共混物作为添加剂制备成砂浆。通过SEM、液氮吸附仪和一系列标准实验分别对水泥石的微观形态、孔隙结构、抗压抗折强度以及水泥净浆的流动度、黏度、凝结时间进行表征;考察不同GO掺量下水泥水化放热的变化情况。结果表明:GO对水泥浆有显著增稠和促凝作用;GO的掺入可以有效降低水泥的水化放热量;GO对水泥石有显著的增强增韧效果,28天龄期时,GO质量分数为0.05%的水泥石,3、7和28 d抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加52.4%、46.5%、40.4%和86.1%、68.5%、90.5%,胶砂的抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加43.2%、33%、24.4%和69.4%、106.4%、70.5%;GO在水泥硬化过程中对水泥石中晶体产物的产生有促进作用并能规整晶体的排布而形成针状晶体簇,改善水泥石中的孔结构,降低水泥石中微孔的体积,增加水泥石的密实度,对水泥石有显著地增强增韧效果。
研究了不同掺量下氧化石墨烯(GO)对水泥石以及胶砂微观结构和力学性能的影响。含16.5%水的水泥浆、0.05%GO及3倍于水泥的沙子共混物作为添加剂制备成砂浆。通过SEM、液氮吸附仪和一系列标准实验分别对水泥石的微观形态、孔隙结构、抗压抗折强度以及水泥净浆的流动度、黏度、凝结时间进行表征;考察不同GO掺量下水泥水化放热的变化情况。结果表明:GO对水泥浆有显著增稠和促凝作用;GO的掺入可以有效降低水泥的水化放热量;GO对水泥石有显著的增强增韧效果,28天龄期时,GO质量分数为0.05%的水泥石,3、7和28 d抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加52.4%、46.5%、40.4%和86.1%、68.5%、90.5%,胶砂的抗压强度和抗折强度同比对照组分别增加43.2%、33%、24.4%和69.4%、106.4%、70.5%;GO在水泥硬化过程中对水泥石中晶体产物的产生有促进作用并能规整晶体的排布而形成针状晶体簇,改善水泥石中的孔结构,降低水泥石中微孔的体积,增加水泥石的密实度,对水泥石有显著地增强增韧效果。
2018, 33(4): 289-302.
摘要：
磷酸活化法是植物纤维原料制备活性炭的主要化学活化方法。笔者系统综述了磷酸活化过程中活性炭孔隙结构的调控机制。从化学的观点，笔者提出植物纤维原料的磷酸活化在本质上是磷酸-生物高分子复合体的形成与热处理两个过程。基于这一概念，分析了植物纤维原料的组成与结构、浸渍条件等因素对磷酸-生物高分子复合体的组成与结构的影响，全面总结了植物纤维原料种类与预处理、植物细胞壁结构和结晶度、浸渍比、浸渍方式、温度和时间等组成、结构与条件对磷酸法活性炭孔隙结构的形成与发展的影响规律。在磷酸-生物高分子热处理过程中，系统总结了炭化温度、升温速率与中间停留温度等加热历程、惰性气体、氧化性气体和水蒸气等气氛对磷酸活化法活性炭孔隙结构的影响规律。最后概述了氧化性气氛和氧化试剂对磷酸活化过程的影响机理，以及磷酸活化过程中固相炭化和气相炭化对活性炭孔隙结构发展的贡献。
磷酸活化法是植物纤维原料制备活性炭的主要化学活化方法。笔者系统综述了磷酸活化过程中活性炭孔隙结构的调控机制。从化学的观点，笔者提出植物纤维原料的磷酸活化在本质上是磷酸-生物高分子复合体的形成与热处理两个过程。基于这一概念，分析了植物纤维原料的组成与结构、浸渍条件等因素对磷酸-生物高分子复合体的组成与结构的影响，全面总结了植物纤维原料种类与预处理、植物细胞壁结构和结晶度、浸渍比、浸渍方式、温度和时间等组成、结构与条件对磷酸法活性炭孔隙结构的形成与发展的影响规律。在磷酸-生物高分子热处理过程中，系统总结了炭化温度、升温速率与中间停留温度等加热历程、惰性气体、氧化性气体和水蒸气等气氛对磷酸活化法活性炭孔隙结构的影响规律。最后概述了氧化性气氛和氧化试剂对磷酸活化过程的影响机理，以及磷酸活化过程中固相炭化和气相炭化对活性炭孔隙结构发展的贡献。
2015, 30(2): 97-105.
摘要：
C/C复合材料因优异的高温性能被认为是高温结构件的理想材料。然而,C/C复合材料在高温高速粒子冲刷环境下的氧化烧蚀问题严重制约其应用。因此,如何提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能显得尤为重要。笔者综述C/C复合材料抗烧蚀的研究现状。目前,提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的途径主要集中于优化炭纤维预制体结构、控制热解炭织构、基体中陶瓷掺杂改性和表面涂覆抗烧蚀涂层等4种方法。主要介绍以上4种方法的研究现状,重点介绍基体改性和抗烧蚀涂层的最新研究进展。其中,涂层和基体改性是提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的两种有效方法。未来C/C 复合材料抗烧蚀研究的潜在方向主要集中于降低制造成本、控制热解炭织构、优化掺杂的陶瓷相以及将基体改性和涂层技术相结合。
C/C复合材料因优异的高温性能被认为是高温结构件的理想材料。然而,C/C复合材料在高温高速粒子冲刷环境下的氧化烧蚀问题严重制约其应用。因此,如何提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能显得尤为重要。笔者综述C/C复合材料抗烧蚀的研究现状。目前,提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的途径主要集中于优化炭纤维预制体结构、控制热解炭织构、基体中陶瓷掺杂改性和表面涂覆抗烧蚀涂层等4种方法。主要介绍以上4种方法的研究现状,重点介绍基体改性和抗烧蚀涂层的最新研究进展。其中,涂层和基体改性是提高C/C复合材料抗烧蚀性能的两种有效方法。未来C/C 复合材料抗烧蚀研究的潜在方向主要集中于降低制造成本、控制热解炭织构、优化掺杂的陶瓷相以及将基体改性和涂层技术相结合。
2015, 30(2): 106-114.
摘要：
评价了中国40多年来在航天、航空、光伏、粉末冶金、工业高温炉领域成功应用的针刺C/C,正交3D C/C、径编C/C、穿刺C/C、轴编C/C等五类C/C复合材料的物理、力学、热学、烧蚀、摩擦磨损、使用寿命等性能及特点,并与其他国家相应材料性能进行分析对比,为建立工程应用C/C复合材料共享的数据库平台奠定基础。揭示了炭纤维预制体、炭基体类型、界面结合状态与材料性能的关联度。指出炭纤维预制体结构单元精细化研究和其结构的梯度设计,以及炭基体的优化组合匹配技术,仍是C/C复合材料性能稳定化提升的重点研究方向。
评价了中国40多年来在航天、航空、光伏、粉末冶金、工业高温炉领域成功应用的针刺C/C,正交3D C/C、径编C/C、穿刺C/C、轴编C/C等五类C/C复合材料的物理、力学、热学、烧蚀、摩擦磨损、使用寿命等性能及特点,并与其他国家相应材料性能进行分析对比,为建立工程应用C/C复合材料共享的数据库平台奠定基础。揭示了炭纤维预制体、炭基体类型、界面结合状态与材料性能的关联度。指出炭纤维预制体结构单元精细化研究和其结构的梯度设计,以及炭基体的优化组合匹配技术,仍是C/C复合材料性能稳定化提升的重点研究方向。
2016, 31(2): 129-134.
摘要：
利用化学氧化还原法制备出石墨烯。通过原位聚合法及溶液混合法制备出石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料,考察不同复合材料制备方法对其机械性能及导电性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。结果表明,制备的石墨烯为二维的单层或寡层材料,加入到聚酰亚胺中能够增强其机械性能及电导率。相比溶液混合法,采用原位聚合法时石墨烯在聚酰亚胺基体中分散更均匀,对其团聚作用有更好的抑制作用,制备的复合材料性能更优异。采用该法加入石墨烯的量为1.0 wt%时,拉伸强度达到了132.5 MPa,提高了68.8%;加入量增加到3.0 wt%时,电导率达6.87×10-4S·m-1,提高了8个数量级,对聚酰亚胺的性能有显著的增强作用。
利用化学氧化还原法制备出石墨烯。通过原位聚合法及溶液混合法制备出石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料,考察不同复合材料制备方法对其机械性能及导电性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行探讨。结果表明,制备的石墨烯为二维的单层或寡层材料,加入到聚酰亚胺中能够增强其机械性能及电导率。相比溶液混合法,采用原位聚合法时石墨烯在聚酰亚胺基体中分散更均匀,对其团聚作用有更好的抑制作用,制备的复合材料性能更优异。采用该法加入石墨烯的量为1.0 wt%时,拉伸强度达到了132.5 MPa,提高了68.8%;加入量增加到3.0 wt%时,电导率达6.87×10-4S·m-1,提高了8个数量级,对聚酰亚胺的性能有显著的增强作用。
2016, 31(6): 574-584.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60033-1
摘要：
采用流变仪和激光共聚焦显微镜对不同氧化石墨烯（GO）掺量的新拌水泥浆体的流变参数以及浆体微观形态进行了定量化研究，并采用Modified-Bingham（M-B）模型和Herschel-Bulkley（H-B）模型对所测数据进行了拟合处理，提出了GO影响新拌水泥浆体的作用机理。结果表明，GO的掺入可以使新拌浆体中在减水剂作用下分散的水泥颗粒发生再次凝聚，形成重组絮凝结构，且随着GO掺量的增加，重组絮凝结构的数量越多，从而使得浆体流变性发生显著变化。一方面，新拌浆体的塑性粘度、屈服应力以及触变性随GO掺量的提高而显著增加。另一方面，GO的掺入提高了新拌浆体的临界剪切速率，使其在较大剪切速率下的流变行为仍然表现为剪切变稀；降低了浆体的剪切增稠程度，提高了浆体的稳定性。
采用流变仪和激光共聚焦显微镜对不同氧化石墨烯（GO）掺量的新拌水泥浆体的流变参数以及浆体微观形态进行了定量化研究，并采用Modified-Bingham（M-B）模型和Herschel-Bulkley（H-B）模型对所测数据进行了拟合处理，提出了GO影响新拌水泥浆体的作用机理。结果表明，GO的掺入可以使新拌浆体中在减水剂作用下分散的水泥颗粒发生再次凝聚，形成重组絮凝结构，且随着GO掺量的增加，重组絮凝结构的数量越多，从而使得浆体流变性发生显著变化。一方面，新拌浆体的塑性粘度、屈服应力以及触变性随GO掺量的提高而显著增加。另一方面，GO的掺入提高了新拌浆体的临界剪切速率，使其在较大剪切速率下的流变行为仍然表现为剪切变稀；降低了浆体的剪切增稠程度，提高了浆体的稳定性。
2016, 31(3): 352-362.
摘要：
碳纳米管优异的物理性质和可调的化学组成使其拥有广泛的应用前景。采用低温过程在碳骨架中引入磷原子预期带来可调的化学特性。本研究采用170℃下水热处理碳纳米管-磷酸混合物获得磷掺杂的碳纳米管。磷掺杂的碳管的磷含量为1.66%,比表面积为132 m2/g,热失重峰在纯氧环境下提升至694℃。当掺磷碳纳米管用于氧还原反应时,其起始电位为-0.20 V,电子转移数为2.60,反应电流显著高于无掺杂的碳纳米管。当其用作锂硫电池正极导电材料时,电极的起始容量为1106 mAh/g,电流密度从0.1 C提升至1 C时容量保留率为80%,100次循环的衰减率为每圈0.25%。
碳纳米管优异的物理性质和可调的化学组成使其拥有广泛的应用前景。采用低温过程在碳骨架中引入磷原子预期带来可调的化学特性。本研究采用170℃下水热处理碳纳米管-磷酸混合物获得磷掺杂的碳纳米管。磷掺杂的碳管的磷含量为1.66%,比表面积为132 m2/g,热失重峰在纯氧环境下提升至694℃。当掺磷碳纳米管用于氧还原反应时,其起始电位为-0.20 V,电子转移数为2.60,反应电流显著高于无掺杂的碳纳米管。当其用作锂硫电池正极导电材料时,电极的起始容量为1106 mAh/g,电流密度从0.1 C提升至1 C时容量保留率为80%,100次循环的衰减率为每圈0.25%。
2017, 32(5): 442-450.
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60133-1
摘要：
以新疆不粘煤为原料，三聚氰胺为氮源，硼酸为硼源，通过球磨和后续活化过程合成硼，氮掺杂及硼氮共掺杂煤基活性炭。氮吸附结果显示杂原子掺杂可提高活性炭中介孔的含量。红外和X光电子能谱结果显示，硼、氮原子存在于炭骨架中。循环伏安，恒流充放电及电化学阻抗分析说明硼、氮掺杂活性炭的电化学性能优于非掺杂活性炭。其中，硼氮共掺杂活性炭具有176 F·g-1的高比容量。循环20 000次容量保持率为96%。共掺杂活性炭优异的电化学性能归因于硼氮的协同作用。
以新疆不粘煤为原料，三聚氰胺为氮源，硼酸为硼源，通过球磨和后续活化过程合成硼，氮掺杂及硼氮共掺杂煤基活性炭。氮吸附结果显示杂原子掺杂可提高活性炭中介孔的含量。红外和X光电子能谱结果显示，硼、氮原子存在于炭骨架中。循环伏安，恒流充放电及电化学阻抗分析说明硼、氮掺杂活性炭的电化学性能优于非掺杂活性炭。其中，硼氮共掺杂活性炭具有176 F·g-1的高比容量。循环20 000次容量保持率为96%。共掺杂活性炭优异的电化学性能归因于硼氮的协同作用。
2016, 31(6): 555-567.
摘要：
随着石墨烯低成本宏量制备技术的突破，石墨烯的工业化应用进程已引起人们广泛关注。本文介绍了石墨烯在聚合物基复合材料领域的研究进展，侧重阐述石墨烯/聚合物复合材料在力学增强、导电/导热网络构建、防腐阻燃等方面的代表性研究成果，同时对商业化石墨烯产品及其复合材料应用进行了简单评述，探讨了石墨烯/聚合物复合材料领域目前存在的主要问题及未来发展趋势。
随着石墨烯低成本宏量制备技术的突破，石墨烯的工业化应用进程已引起人们广泛关注。本文介绍了石墨烯在聚合物基复合材料领域的研究进展，侧重阐述石墨烯/聚合物复合材料在力学增强、导电/导热网络构建、防腐阻燃等方面的代表性研究成果，同时对商业化石墨烯产品及其复合材料应用进行了简单评述，探讨了石墨烯/聚合物复合材料领域目前存在的主要问题及未来发展趋势。
2012, 27(05): 321-336.
Abstract:
2011, 26(01): 71-80.
Abstract:
Editor-in-Chief： Chun-xiang Lu, Ph.D
Charged by：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Published by：Science Press, Elsevier
CN 14-1407/TQ
ISSN 2097-1605
eISSN 1872-5805
Since 1985 Bimonthly
CiteScore: 6.1
IF: 5.7
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