The application of metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives for lithium-ion capacitors

There is an urgent need for lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) that have both high energy and high power densities to meet the continuously growing energy storage demands. LICs effectively balance the high energy density of traditional rechargeable batteries with the superior power density and long life of supercapacitors (SCs). Nevertheless, the development of LICs is still hampered by limited kinetic processes and capacity mismatch between the cathode and anode. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have received significant attention because of their extensive specific surface area, different pore structures and topologies, and customizable functional sites, making them compelling candidate materials for achieving high-performance LICs. MOF-derived carbons, known for their exceptional electronic conductivity and large surface area, provide improved charge storage and rapid ion transport. MOF-derived transition metal oxides contribute to high specific capacities and improved electrochemical stability. Additionally, MOF-derived metal compounds/carbons provide combined effects that increase both the capacitive and Faradaic reactions, leading to a superior overall performance. This review examines the latest advances in MOFs and their derivatives in LICs, emphasizing the correlation between structure/composition and electrochemical properties, and providing a basis for further research and technological developments in energy storage.