Abstract: Hydrogen evolution reaction is a promising way to produce hydrogen. Exploiting non-precious metals with excellent electrochemical performance is vital to promoting the practical application of electrocatalysis. Carbon-based transition metal catalysts have high activity and stability, which are important in reducing the cost of hydrogen production and promoting the development of the hydrogen production industry. However, there is a lack of relevant discussion regarding the effect of carbon components on the performance of carbon-based transition metal electrocatalysts. Herein, we fill this gap by summarizing the literature on carbon-based transition metal electrocatalysts pertaining to hydrogen evolution reaction, discussing the design strategies of carbon components in composite structures and their impact on catalytic performance, including electronic structure control by heteroatom doping, morphology adjustment, and the influence of self-supporting materials on carbon-based transition metal catalysts. This review not only analyzes the progress in hydrogen evolution reaction, but also provides valuable guidance for synthesizing high-performance carbon-based transition metal catalysts.