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Preface
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摘要: 对碳元素及碳质材料而言，过去二十五年令人振奋、令人激动！
长久以来，人们认为碳的单质主要以金刚石、石墨、无定形炭和卡宾四种形式存在。而从1985年富勒烯的发现开始到现在，富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯等新型碳纳米结构向我们展示了一个更加神奇的碳世界。这些碳纳米结构包括了迄今已知的最小零维物质、最细一维物质和最薄二维物质；表现出很多奇特的物理化学性质；更重要的是，它们的发现丰富了人类对物质世界的认知，也直接推动了纳米科技的发展。2004年发现的石墨烯在短短六年里已经表现出非常突出的电学、光学、热学、力学、化学和电化学特性，在微纳电子、储能、薄膜器件、导热材料、复合材料等很多方面呈现出很好的应用前景；在发现仅6年之后的2010年，诺贝尔物理奖即授予发现石墨烯的两位科学家，也体现了科学界对这种新材料超乎寻常的迅速认可；仅从发表的论文和受理的专利数量来看，石墨烯已大大超过了相同发展阶段的富勒烯和碳纳米管。同时，富勒烯-碳纳米管-石墨烯的接力式发展，也不断推动着新型碳纳米结构及材料的研究、研发和应用。
为此，《新型炭材料》特组织了本期专刊，以“石墨烯及新型碳纳米结构”为主题，收入焦点评述2篇、综合述评1篇、研究论文11篇，评述及报道石墨烯及碳纳米结构领域的最新研究进展。2篇焦点评述分别就石墨烯的发现和发展现状及其在锂离子电池的应用前景进行了评述和展望；而综合述评对石墨烯的主要制备方法——气相沉积方法进行了全面的介绍。8篇研究论文报道石墨烯的最新研究进展，涉及石墨烯的几个前沿领域：石墨烯的制备及表征、可控组装、分散、化学传感、吸附以及氧化石墨烯薄膜的还原；另有3篇论文涉及其它新型碳纳米结构的最新研究进展：带有尖端结构的碳纳米管的场发射特性、改性碳纳米管的重离子吸附及炭包覆二氧化钛的光催化降解脱除苯的研究。
很多科学评论预测，富勒烯-碳纳米管-石墨烯后科学家们还可能发现其他碳的同素异形体和碳纳米结构，如中国科学院化学研究所李玉良研究员领导的小组已经成功合成出石墨炔；而这些新型的碳纳米材料走向大规模应用还需要科学家和工程师进行艰苦的努力。我们期待着，努力着，为碳的博大与精深，为碳更加美好的明天……Abstract: For long, the elemental Carbon had been considered to have only four allotropes: diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon and carbyne. Twenty-five years on from the discovery of C60, the development of sp2-hybridized carbons have renewed our knowledge about Carbon by continuously presenting three new allotropes: zero-dimensional C60 of perfect symmetry (fullerene, 1985), the smallest one-dimensional material (carbon nanotube, 1991) and the thinnest two-dimensional material (graphene, 2004). More importantly, these novel carbons have demonstrated many intriguing and unexpected properties and promoted the development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Since the rediscovery and rise of graphene in 2004, such a thin sheet-like carbon has demonstrated excellent electrical, optical, thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrochemical properties and shown great potentials in many application areas such as nanoelectronics, energy storage, membrane devices and composite materials. In 2010, only six years after the mechanically-cleaved graphene was reported to be of intriguing electrical properties by Andrei Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, the two scientists was awarded Nobel Prize in Phy~sics.
This special issue reports the latest research advances of graphene and other novel carbon nanostructures, including 2 Highlights (short review), 1 Review, 11 research articles. The two Highlights give comments on the discovery, development trend and energy storage application of graphene; the Review presents an overview of chemical vapor deposition method to prepare high quality graphene; the 8 research papers report the latest results of graphene research with several “hot” topics: preparation and characterization, assembly, modification and applications; the other 3 research papers involve in latest applications of other novel carbon nanostructures, including field emission property of carbon nanotubes with a sharp tip, adsorption of heave metal ions by nanotubes and photocatalytic properties of carbon coated titania.
Many scientific comments have predicted that the discovery of new carbon allotropes does not come to an end after the discovery of fullerene, the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and the rediscovery of graphene. Scientists are continuing to unfold the exciting carbon family, and for example, graphane and graphdiyne are the most recently synthesized novel carbons. There will be a long way for us to fully understand the properties and realize the large-scale applications of these novel carbons, so continuous efforts by scientists and engineers are highly required to explore the exciting Carbon…
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