碳基材料的Z型和S型异质结光催化清洁能源综述

Sahil Rana; Amit Kumar; WANG Tong-tong; Gaurav Sharma; Pooja Dhiman; Alberto García-Penas

doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60857-7

碳基材料的Z型和S型异质结光催化清洁能源综述

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(24)60857-7

1.
International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
2.
西安建筑科技大学交叉创新研究院, 西安, 710055, 中国
3.
Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Legan'es, 28911, Spain

详细信息

通讯作者:
Amit Kumar. E-mail：mittuchem83@gmail.com

中图分类号: TQ127.1⁺1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-02-01
- 录用日期: 2024-04-28
- 修回日期: 2024-04-26
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-30
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-15

A review of carbon material-based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic clean energy generation

1.
International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
2.
Interdisciplinary and Innovate Research, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China
3.
Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Legan'es, 28911, Spain

Funds: This research was funded by the following grants, including the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (No. 2023-LL-QY-42), the Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Research Initiation Grant Program (No. 1960323102), and the Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Special Program for Cultivation of Frontier Interdisciplinary Fields (No. 1960523142)

More Information

Corresponding author: Amit Kumar. E-mail: mittuchem83@gmail.com

摘要

摘要: 碳纳米管/纳米纤维、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、还原氧化石墨烯、石墨炔、碳量子点和富勒烯等炭材料因具有高导电性、优异的稳定性和生物相容性等独特性能，近年来受到广泛关注。在炭材料中构建Z型和S型异质结已成为在能量转换应用中提高光催化效率的一种有效策略。本文综述了光催化制氢和CO₂还原等清洁能源的基本原理，阐述了它们各自的机理和优势。此外，还讨论了不同类型的炭材料以及其中Z型和S型异质结的合成和构建，强调了它们在促进电荷分离、减少光生载流子复合损失和扩大光谱响应范围方面的作用。以太阳能燃料生产为重点，讨论和总结了碳基Z型和S型异质结在光催化制氢和还原CO₂方面的最新进展。最后，讨论了目前碳基光催化剂领域的瓶颈和挑战，并对该领域的未来发展提出了有价值的见解。
- 炭材料 /
- 异质结 /
- Z型 /
- S型 /
- 光催化 /
- 氢能材料
Abstract: Carbon materials, including carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphyne, graphdiyne, carbon quantum dots and fullerenes, have received considerable attention in recent years because of their unique properties such as high conductivity, excellent stability and biocompatibility. The integration of these materials into Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions has emerged as a transformative strategy to increase their photocatalytic efficiency for energy conversion applications. We first consider the fundamental principles of clean energy generation such as photocatalytic H₂ generation and CO₂ reduction, elucidating their respective mechanisms and advantages. Various types of carbon materials, their synthesis and construction of Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions are then discussed, emphasizing their role in promoting charge separation, reducing recombination losses and extending the spectral response range. With a focus on solar energy production, recent advances in carbon-based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions are discussed and summarized for photocatalytic H₂ generation and CO₂ reduction. Lastly, the current problems in the field of carbon-based photocatalysts are discussed with insights for the future development of this field.
- Carbonaceous /
- Heterojunctions /
- Z-scheme /
- S-scheme /
- Photocatalysis /
- Hydrogen materials

HTML全文

FIG. 3188. FIG. 3188.

FIG. 3188.. FIG. 3188.

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Figure 1. Schematic illustration of (a) photocatalytic H₂ generation and (b) photocatalytic CO₂ reduction mechanism

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Figure 2. Schematic illustration of (a) traditional Z-scheme, (b) all-solid-state Z-scheme and (c) direct Z-scheme heterojunction

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Figure 3. Schematic illustration of S-scheme heterojunction (a) before contact, (b) after contact and (c) upon light irradiation

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Figure 4. Various types of carbon materials

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Figure 5. (a) SEM and (b) HRTEM images of g-C₃N₄/CNTs/CdZnS. (c) Photocatalytic H₂ generation and (d) surface work function of prepared photocatalysts. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[83]. (e) SEM and (f) HRTEM images of ZIS/CDs/CN composite. (g) XRD and FTIR spectra of ZIS/CDs/CN before and after photocatalysis. (i) S-scheme heterojunction mechanism between ZIS and CN before contact, after contact in dark and light. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[84]

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Figure 6. STEM images of (a) GO and (b) rGO. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[101]. (c) geometry of graphyne. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[102]. (d) reaction for synthesis of γ-graphyne. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[103]. (e) Synthetic route of GDY. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[104]

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Figure 7. (a) Hydrothermal synthetic route of Cd_xZn_1-xS-FG. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[122]. (b) Self-assembly synthesis of X% RGO/H-CN. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[130]. (c) Ultrasonication synthetic route of NiFe-LFD, NiFe-P and NPG-X. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[104]. (d) Calcination synthesis of CO₂SnO₄ and Co₂SnO₄/GDY-x. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[131]

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Figure 8. (a) ESR spectra of ZIS-S and ZIS. (b) H₂ generation rate over various photocatalysts. (c) H₂ generation performance of ZIS-S/CNTs/RP, ZIS-S/CNTs/BRP and ZIS/CNTs/RP. (d-e) PL spectra and EIS Nyquist plots of ZIS-S/CNTs/RP, ZIS-S/CNTs/BRP and ZIS/CNTs/RP. (f) Proposed photocatalytic H₂ generation mechanism over Z-scheme ZIS-S/CNTs/RP heterojunction. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[25]. (g) H₂ evolution performance of various photocatalysts. (h) H₂ evolution performance of GCW35 at different pH. (i) AQE of GCW35 at different wavelengths. (j) charge transfer paths of WO₃/GDY S-scheme heterojunction. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[138]

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Figure 9. (a) Photoreduction performance of various photocatalysts, (b) carbon products selectivity of catalysts, (c) EIS Nyquist plots of In₂O₃, NiAl-LDH, DH@IN-50 and 3%C-DH@IN, (d) DMPO- •O₂^- and DMPO- •OH spin-trapping ESR spectra of 3%C-DH@IN, (e) charge transfer mechanism over C-DH@IN, Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[165]; (f) CO and CH₄ yields for various photocatalysts, (g) cycling experiments, (h) EIS curves of CN, 15CCN and 3RCCN, (i) band gap structure and CO₂ photo-reduction mechanism of 3RCCN multi-interface contact composite, Reproduced with permission from Elsevier^[166]

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Table 1. Recent advances in carbon based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic H₂ generation

Photocatalyst (dosage)	Synthesis method	Sacrificial agent	Light source/ Intensity	AQE	Performance	Refs.
ZnIn₂S₄-S/CNTs/RP (30 mg)	Directed assembly	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	1639.9 µmol/g/h	[25]
g-C₃N₄/CNTs/CdZnS (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	28.74 mmol/g/h	[83]
Zn₃V₂O₈/MWCNT (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Glycerol	Xe lamp	−	99.55 µmol/g/h	[139]
ZnIn₂S₄/carbon dots/g-C₃N₄ (25 mg)	Calcination and water bath	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	12.73% at 420 nm	17.58 mmol/g/h	[84]
g-C₃N₄/NCDS/MoS₂ (0.05 g)	Thermal polymerization and solvothermal	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	212.41 µmol/g/h	[140]
C dots decorated g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ (50 mg)	Solvothermal and calcination	TEOA	LED lamps, 12 W	−	580 µmol/g/h	[141]
g-C₃N₄/NCDs (50 mg)	Calcination	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	29.8% at 420 nm	3319.3 µmol/g/h	[142]
g-C₃N₄/NCDs/WO_x (20 mg)	In-situ growth	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	7.58% at 420 nm	3.27 mmol/g/h	[143]
C₃N₄ nanotube/NCDs/Ni₂P (50 mg)	Hydrothermal and calcination	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	627.2 µmol/g/h	[144]
SnO₂/NPCDs/CNNT (10 mg)	Sonication	TEOA	Monochromatic light	18.91% at 420 nm	10.73 mmol/g/h	[145]
N-CDs/S-C₃N₄ (50 mg)	π-π conjugate self-assembly	TEOA	Xe lamp	4.67% at 420 nm	483.76 µmol/g/h	[146]
Cd_xZn_1-xS-Fe₂O₃/rGO (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	26.8 mmol/g/h	[122]
Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S/RGO/g-C₃N₄ (30 mg)	Solvothermal	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 300 W	37.88% at 420 nm	39.24 mmol/g/h	[147]
LaFeO₃/g-C₃N₄-graphene (50 mg)	Calcination	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	1326.5 µmol/g/h	[124]
AgIO₄/ZnO/graphene	Ultrasonication	Methanol	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	16.4 mmol/g/h	[148]
TiO₂/RGO/LaFeO₃ (10 mg)	Hydrothermal	Methanol	Xe lamp, 300 W	7.1% at 380 nm	0.893 mmol/g/h	[149]
ZnIn₂S₄/rGO/CeO₂ (15 mg)	Hydrothermal	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 150 W	−	2855 µmol/g/h	[150]
WO₃/TiO₂/rGO (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Methanol	Xe lamp, 350 W	−	245.8 µmol/g/h	[58]
rGO supported TiO₂/In_0.5WO₃ (0.1 mg/mL)	Wet impregnation	Glycerol	Xe lamp	15.6% at 365 nm	309.98±11.4 µmol/g/h	[151]
Rh-ZnO/rGO/ZnS (30 mg)	In-situ micro-cell growth & kinetic ion-exchange	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 300 W	11.02% at 365 nm	2686 µmol/g/h	[152]
Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S/CoFe₂O₄/rGO (50 mg)	Electrostatic interaction	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	133.5 µmol/g/h	[153]
LaFeO₃/RGO (0.5 g/L)	Hydrothermal	Methanol	Xe lamp, 250 W	−	82 mmol/g/h	[154]
TiO₂/rGO/g-C₃N₄ (5 mg)	Pulsed laser ablation in liquids	Glycerol	Xe lamp, 300 W	10.95% at 450 nm	32±1 mmol/g/h	[155]
n-ZnS/rGO/p-Bi₂S₃ (0.01 g)	Hydrothermal	Na₂S & Na₂SO₃	Xe lamp, 100 W	−	2523.4 µmol/g/h	[156]
CdS-rGO-WO₃ (13 mg)	Hydrothermal	Methanol	Solar simulator, 100 W	2.49% at 420 nm	11.69 mmol/g/h	[157]
γ-GY/CuMoO₄ (10 mg)	Hot solvent	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	197 µmol in 5 h	[158]
Co₂SnO₄/graphdiyne (10 mg)	Calcination	TEOA	LED light, 5 W	−	8.79 mmol/g/h	[131]
GDY/MoP (10 mg)	Physical mixing	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	8876.4 µmol/g/h	[159]
GDY-Cu/WO₃ (10 mg)	Stirring and evaporating solvent	TEOA	LED light, 5 W	0.76% at 475 nm	4008 µmol/g/h	[138]
CoS₂/GDY (10 mg)	Low-temperature water bath	TEOA	LED, 5 W	1.52% at 475 nm	1835 µmol/g/h	[160]
CuI-GDY/ZnAl LDH (10 mg)	Self-assembly	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	0.15% at 420 nm	28.60 µmol in 5 h	[161]
GDY/g-C₃N₄-V_N (6 mg)	Sonication	TEOA	LED lamp, 5 W	−	17.87 µmol/h	[125]
GDY/CoTiO₃ (10 mg)	In-situ calcination	TEOA	LED, 5 W	5.45% at 420 nm	716 µmol/g/h	[162]
NiFe LDH/GDY (20 mg)	Ultrasonic and stirring	−	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	928 µmol/g/h	[104]
CdS-g-C₃N₄-GA (50 mg)	Ultrasound	TEOA	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	86.38 µmol/g/h	[29]
g-C₃N₄/TiO₂/ZnIn₂S₄ graphene aerogel (100 mg)	Isoelectric point assisted calcination	Methanol	Xe lamp, 300 W	−	6531.9 µmol/g	[163]

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Table 2. Recent advances in carbon based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction

Photocatalyst (Dosage)	Synthesis method	Light source/ Intensity	Performance	Refs.
g-C₃N₄/CDs/WO₃ (20 mg)	Confined co-assembly	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 31.04 µmol/g/h	[167]
CPDs/Bi₄O₅Br₂ (30 mg)	Co-precipitation	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 132.42 µmol/g/h	[126]
CQDs/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂/NiAl-LDH (50 mg)	One-pot hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 16.4 µmol/g/h	[168]
CDs/NiAl-LDH@In₂O₃ (5 mg)	In-situ hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CH₄ = 10.67 µmol/g/h CO = 7.12 µmol/g/h	[165]
CPDs/Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂ (30 mg)	Mechanical stirring	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 3.21 µmol/g/h	[169]
Ag₂CrO₄/g-C₃N₄/GO (100 mg)	Self-assembly	Xe lamp, 300 W	CH₃OH+CH₄ = 1.03 µmol/g in 3 h	[170]
O-ZnO/rGO/UiO-66-NH₂ (0.1 g)	Solvothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CH₃OH = 34.83 µmol/g/h HCOOH = 6.41 µmol/g/h	[123]
α-Fe₂O₃/graphene/Bi₂O₂S (50 mg)	Impregnation-hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 13 µmol/g/h CH₄ = 4.27 µmol/g/h C₂H₄ = 2.88 µmol/g/h	[171]
g-C₃N₄/ZnO/GA (10 mg)	Self-assembly with co-precipitation	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 33.87 µmol/g/h	[172]
RGO/H-CN (5 mg)	Self-assembly	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 10.21 µmol/g CH₄ = 5.56 µmol/g	[130]
g-C₃N₄/BiOI/RGO on Ni foam	Reduction	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 21.85 µmol/g in 8 h	[173]
α-Fe₂O₃/amine-RGO/CsPbBr₃	Solvent evaporation-deposition	Xe lamp, 150 W	CH₄+CO+H₂ = 469.16 µmol/g in 40 h	[174]
MoS₂/SnS₂/rGO (20 mg)	Solvothermal	Mercury lamp, 8 W	CO = 68.53 µmol/g/h CH₄ = 50.55 µmol/g/h	[175]
ZnV₂O₆/rGO/g-C₃N₄ (100 mg)	One-pot solvothermal	Hg lamp, 200 W	CO = 2802.9 µmol/g/h	[176]
CsPbBr₃/USGO/α-Fe₂O₃ (4 mg)	Ultrasonication	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 73.8 µmol/g/h	[177]
ZnV₂O₆/RGO/g-C₃N₄ (100 mg)	Solvothermal	Xe lamp, 35 W	CH₃OH = 3438 µmol/g	[178]
rGO/InVO₄/Fe₂O₃ (100 mg)	Deposition-precipitation	LED light, 20 W	CH₃OH = 16.9 mmol/g	[179]
g-C₃N₄-RGO-NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) (100 mg)	Hydrothermal	HID Xe lamp, 35 W	CO = 383.79 µmol/g CH₄ = 13.8 µmol/g	[180]
Bi₂WO₆/RGO/g-C₃N₄ (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 15.96 µmol/g/h	[181]
CoAl-LDH/RGO/InVO₄ (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 204.86 µmol/g/h	[182]
g-C₃N₄/rGO/ZnV₂O₆ (0.1 g)	One-pot solvothermal	HID Xe lamp, 35 W	CH₃OH = 6246.1 µmol/g	[127]
g-C₃N₄/R-CeO₂/rGO (100 mg)	Hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 63.18 µmol/g in 4 h CH₄ = 32.67 µmol/g in 4 h	[166]
CoZnAl-LDH/RGO/g-C₃N₄ (50 mg)	Hydrothermal	Xe lamp, 300 W	CO = 10.11 µmol/g/h	[183]
g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄/rGO (0.05 g)	Hydrothermal	UV-vis light	CO = 7.03 µmol/g/h	[184]
MXene/GO/PDI (10 mg)	Impregnation	Xe lamp, 350 W	CH₃OH = 771.1 µmol/g/h	[185]
C₆₀/TpPa	In-situ solvothermal	LED lamp, 40 W	CO = 90.25 µmol/g/h	[116]

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