An interfacial self-assembly strategy to fabricate graphitic hollow porous carbon spheres for supercapacitor electrodes

Graphitic hollow porous carbon spheres (GHPCSs) have the advantages of a unique cavity structure, high surface area and excellent conductivity, and are promising electrode materials for energy storage. A Fe–tannic acid (TA) framework synthesized using TA as the carbon source and K₃ Fe(C₂O₄)₃ as a complexing agent, was self-assembled onto a melamine foam, which was converted to GHPCSs by carbonization, where the K₃ Fe(C₂O₄) ₃ also acts as an activating-graphitizing agent. The outer shell of the as-prepared GHPCSs has a large specific surface area, a micropore-dominated structure and excellent electrical conductivity, which ensure a large enough active surface area for charge accumulation and fast ion/electron transport in the partially graphitized carbon framework and pores. The optimum GHPCS has a high capacitance of 332.7 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹. An assembled symmetric supercapacitor has a high energy density of 23.7 Wh kg⁻¹ at 459.1 W kg⁻¹ in 1 mol L^-1 Na₂SO₄. In addition, the device has long-term cycling stability with a 92.1% retention rate after 10 000 cycles. This study not only provides an economic and time-saving approach for constructing GHPCSs by a self-assembly method, but also optimizes ion/electron transport in the carbon spheres to give them excellent performance in capacitive energy storage.