The use of carbon-based particle electrodes in three-dimensional electrode reactors for wastewater treatment

The use of three-dimensional (3D) electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency, low energy consumption and promising development. The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology. They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode, and the selection of materials used is important. Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area, good adsorption performance, high chemical stability and low cost. The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized. The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.