FIG. 2499.  FIG. 2499.

FIG. 2499..  FIG. 2499.

Figure  1.  The timeline of typical events in the development stages of LiC₆-contained composite anodes in lithium metal batteries^{[48-49, 61-69]}

Figure  2.  Summary of the roles of LiC₆ in lithium composite anodes

Figure  3.  (a) Schematic of the mechanism of graphite reacted with Li metal to generate LiC₆. (b) Different lithiation stages of a carbon-based anode during charging. Reproduced with permission^[81]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society

Figure  4.  (a) Schematic illustration for the fabrication of the Li-rGO composite film by lithium metal melting. Reproduced with permission^[65]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. (b) The construction of the Li-CNT composite anode. Reproduced with permission^[95]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) The fabrication process of Li-graphite composite anode by the stirring and melting method. Reproduced with permission^[99]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (d) Formation process of Li@LiC₆&LiF-x composite anode materials. Reproduced with permission^[104]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society

Figure  5.  (a) Lithium process on a three-dimensional carbon modified electrode. Reproduced with permission^[105]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier; (b) Schematic diagrams showing the Li nucleation and growth process on the 3D-GF. Reproduced with permission^[106]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic diagrams of lithium plating process on the CMN. Reproduced with permission^[107]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society

Figure  6.  (a) Li wettability of PCP, lithiated PCP. ACA measurements of (I, II) PCP and (IV, V) lithiated PCP. Digital photos of a Li droplet on (III) PCP and (VI) lithiated PCP after cooling down to room temperature^[68]. (b) Schematic diagrams of electrochemical plating/stripping process of lithium on the CNT sponges. Reproduced with permission^[119]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; (c) Schematic diagrams of coralloid layered composite electrode. Reproduced with permission^[120]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (d) Schematic of the Li-EG composite anode fabrication process. Reproduced with permission^[121]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure  7.  Diagram of the overpotential and delithium mechanism in composite anode during initial and long cycles. Reproduced with permission^[48]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society

Figure  8.  (a) A pencil sketch of the preparation of a graphite-based interfacial layer and a wetting behavior comparison between molten lithium metal on LALZWO ceramics with and without the interfacial layer. Reproduced with permission^[122]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic diagram of the graphite-modified composite solid electrolyte membrane. Reproduced with permission^[123]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (c) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of the heterogeneous interface layer^[75]. (d) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of action of carbon-based optimal interlayer^[124]

Figure  9.  (a) Operado optical microscopic image of the Li@CP/LiC₆ electrode-electrolyte interface. Reproduced with permission^[127]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Schematic illustration and high-resolution SEM images for pristine CF, initial Li/CF composite anode, and Li/CF composite anode shelving for 72 h with the formation of LiC₆ layers. Reproduced with permission^[49]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons; (c) Removal of cross-sectional SEM and FIB-SEM images of LiC₆ and dead lithium backbones in the anterior and posterior Li@G anodes of lithium metal. Reproduced with permission^[130]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) High-resolution cryo-EM image of lithium graphene shell. Reproduced with permission^[77]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (e) Raman spectroscopy of bare lithium, pencil graphite and lithium coated with LiC₆. (f) XRD spectra of Li, EG, Li-EG. (g) C 1s XPS spectra for EG and Li-EG. (h) Li and Li-EG for Li 1s XPS spectrum^[121]. (i) the C⁻, Li⁺, and Li₂⁻ maps of the graphite electrode after 15 cycles by TOF-SIMS after depth sputtering^[48]