A review of 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency used for solar water vapor generation
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摘要:
光热驱动的海水淡化技术被认为是最具潜力的解决全球淡水资源短缺难题的方法之一。其中，太阳能界面水蒸发（SVG）是海水淡化效率的核心过程，是保证光热海水淡化技术具有能量转换效率高、设备简单、成本效益高的关键。在所有高效SVG候选材料中，三维整体式碳基光热转换材料具有成本低、吸光效率高、结构可调性好、水蒸发速率高、无二次污染等优点。本综述首先简述了SVG 的基本原理，以此为依据介绍了高效 SVG 材料的工作机制和设计原则，最后系统归纳和概述了4种不同类型的三维整体式碳基光热转换材料的研究进展。本综述为未来三维整体式碳基光热转换材料的构建及其在SVG领域的应用研究提供理论基础和研究指导。
Abstract:In recent years, photothermal-driven desalination has been regarded as one of the most promising methods to solve the global crisis of freshwater scarcity. The solar generation of water vapor (SGWV) is a key process in seawater desalination which uses simple equipment and has a high cost-benefit. Among alternative photothermal conversion materials for a SGWV system, three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbon-based materials have many advantages, including low cost, good structure control, and high light-harvesting efficiency which gives a high evaporation rate. 3D monolithic carbon-based materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency are reviewed together with their use in interface SGWV. The working mechanism of SGWV and the classification of SGWV materials are first considered, followed by detailed consideration of 3D monolithic carbon materials, including their design, preparation and working mechanism in SGWV. Finally, both the advantages and disadvantages of 3D monolithic carbon materials with a high photothermal conversion efficiency are examined.
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图 1 高效太阳能界面水蒸发的光热转换材料
Figure 1. Photothermal conversion materials for highly efficient solar vapor generation
图 3 (a)典型界面太阳能蒸发器示意图；(b)不同机制的光热转换（碳质材料的热振动，半导体的电子-空穴对弛豫，等离子体材料的局部表面等离子体共振）；(c)界面太阳能蒸发器设计因素[6]
Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of a typical interface solar evaporator. (b) Photothermal conversion of different mechanisms (thermal vibration of carbonaceous materials, electron-hole pair relaxation of semiconductors, localized surface plasmon resonance of plasma materials). (c) Interface solar evaporator design factors[6]. Reprinted with permission
图 4 炭化玉米芯基SVG的结构图。 (a)玉米穗，(b)天然玉米芯，(c)基于炭化玉米芯的太阳能蒸汽产生装置，(d)玉米芯截面，(e)炭化玉米芯侧面排列多孔片，(f)炭化玉米芯侧面的碳超细纤维阵列[33]
Figure 4. Schematic of C-corncob based solar vapor steam generator, (a) Corn ears, (b) N-corncob, (c) C-corncob based solar vapor generation device, (d) Cross-section of C-corncob, (e) Aligned porous sheet on side surface of C-corncob, (f) Carbon microfiber arrays on the side surface of C-corncob[33]. Reprinted with permission
图 5 三维仿生锥形蒸发系统[77]：(a-d)水在三维仿生蒸发器表面向上扩散过程，(e-h)通过Micro-CT从不同视角观察湿态的三维仿生蒸发器
Figure 5. Three-dimensional bionic conical evaporation system[77]: (a-d) Upward diffusion process of water on the surface of the three-dimensional bionic evaporator, (e-h) Observation of a three-dimensional bionic evaporator in a wet state from different perspectives by Micro-CT. Reprinted with permission
图 6 太阳能界面蒸发器的NGA和PNGA示意图[88]：(a)制备PNGA和NGA的简单工艺模拟图，(b)NGA和PNGA的相机照片，(c)放置在竹叶上的超轻PNGA样品的数码照片及内部结构模拟
Figure 6. Schematic illustration of the NGA and PNGA for solar steam generation[88]: (a) Simulation diagram of a simple process for the preparation of PNGA and NGA, (b) Camera photograph of the NGA and PNGA, (c) Digital photos of the ultralight PNGA sample put on the bamboo leaves and internal structure simulation. Reprinted with permission
图 9 太阳能蒸发用表面改性PG复合材料示意图[101]：(a)表面改性的PG复合材料：(i)原始氧化石墨烯，聚苯胺在氧化石墨烯表面，(ii)不均匀分布(iii)均匀分布；(b) GO和PG的光热分布；(c)平面GO (左)和锥形PG-10 (右)蒸汽分布的数值模拟
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of surface-modified PG composites for solar evaporation[101]: (a) Surface-modified PG composites: (i) Raw graphene oxide, (ii) inhomogeneous distribution and (iii) homogeneous distribution of polyaniline on graphene oxide surfaces; (b) Photothermal distribution of GO and PG; (c) Numerical simulation of the vapor distribution of planar GO (left) and conical PG-10 (right). Reprinted with permission
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