A review of graphdiyne: A new material for synthesizing effective adsorbents for aqueous contaminants
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摘要: 石墨炔（GDY）是一种新生的二维材料，其在去除水溶液中污染物的研究方面引起了广泛关注。GDY是sp和sp2杂化碳原子的框架，其在二维对称网络中存在苯环和二乙基键，因此具有优异的共轭性、独特的可调谐电子性能、以及优异的化学和热稳定性。GDY的分子中有C≡C键，且具有均匀分布的三角形孔，可提供更多的反应位点和多种反应路径。因而，GDY具有吸附性，其作为吸附剂时在去除污染水中的油、有机污染物、染料和金属方面表现优异。在已发表的文献中，GDY被用作吸附剂的报道十分有限。本文综述了GDY的合成方法、GDY作为吸附剂的应用以及GDY基吸附剂的表征，并展望了GDY在污染物修复中的应用前景。Abstract: Graphdiyne (GDY), a new two-dimensional (2D) carbon molecule, is expected to have applications in the removal of contaminants from aqueous media. It has superior conjugation, unusual and varied electronic properties, and exceptional chemical and thermal stability because of its framework of sp and sp2 hybridized carbon bonds that are combined to produce benzene rings and diacetylenic bonds in a two-dimensional symmetrical network. Its molecular chemistry is the result of it having carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a regular distribution of triangular pores in its structure, which provide reaction sites and various reaction pathways. GDY is an adsorbent with an excellent efficiency for the removal of oil, organic pollutants, dyes, and metals from contaminated water, but there is limited evidence of it being used as an adsorbent in the literature. This review discusses its synthesis and its use as an adsorbent together with its prospects for pollutant removal.
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Key words:
- Graphdiyne /
- Synthesis /
- Adsorption /
- Contaminants /
- Plausible mechanism
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Figure 3. Graphdiyne synthesis by explosion using HEB as a precursor, involving a cross-coupling effect caused by heating HEB at 120 °C without the use of metal catalyst
Figure 4. (a,b) Schematic representation of the self-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth technique to fabricate GDY thin films on ZnO nano-rod arrays. (c) SEM images. Reprinted with permission from[47]
Figure 5. (a) Lead ion adsorption in GDY. (b,c) SEM images of GDY. (d) Spectra of an aqueous solution with lead ions and xylenol orange added prior to and thereafter adsorption. Reprinted with permission from[77]
Figure 6. (a) Lead ion filtration experimental setup. (b,c) SEM images of GDY filter. (d) Concentration of Pb2+ and effectiveness of removal by GDY after varied numbers of filter operations. (e) Lead ion percentage removal as a function of the volume of aqueous medium with varying lead ion concentrations. (f) Recyclability. Reprinted with permission from[77]
Figure 7. Graphdiyne melamine sponge adsorbing oil: (a) chloroform (organic solvent) and (b) gasoline (oil). Reprinted with permission from[80]. Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society
Figure 8. SEM images of melamine sponge (a-c) and graphdiyne coated on melamine sponge (d-f).Reprinted with permission from [80]. Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society
Figure 9. Images of (a) SEM and (b-c) TEM. XPS spectra of (c) orange line (iodosulfuron-methyl sodium), blue line (GDY), (e) C 1s and (f) O 1s. Reprinted with permission from[81]
Figure 10. Oxygen-defective GDY (a) Raman spectra, (b) FTIR spectrum, (c) XRD spectra and (d) N2: adsorption-desorption isotherm. Reprinted with the permission from[81]
Figure 11. SEM images of GDY produced using various catalysts: (a) CuCl; (b) CuI; (c) Cu(OAc)2; (d) CuSO4; (e) Pd(OAc)2; (f) [(C6H5)3P]2·PdCl2. Reprinted with permission from[82]
Figure 12. (a) GDY-sponge extracting an organic solvent from a combination of oil and water. (b) GDY- melamine sponge adsorption capacity. (c) Recyclability of GDY-melamine sponge. Reprinted with permission from[80]. Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society
Figure 13. GDY-melamine sponge as a filtering system for separating oil from water mixtures. Reprinted with permission from[80]. Copyright © 2019, American Chemical Society
Table 3. Raman spectroscopy data for GDY
Raman peaks calculated Raman spectra peak (6 main peaks)/cm−1 Significance Ref. 956 Oscillation of alkynes and aromatic ring [110] 1364 The scissoring oscillation of atom in benzene 1478 Oscillation of C―C
triple bond1521 Oscillation of C=C bonds 2142 Synchronous contracting/ stretching of C≡C 2221 C≡C stretching mode with out of phase vibration Experimental Raman spectra
peaks (4 main peaks)1384 D band: vibration of sp2 carbon [72] 1569 G band: sp2 carbon (stretching oscillation) 1940 The diyne linkage 2181 Carbon-carbon triple bond 
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